Advance Directives Essay Example for College Students - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3086 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Medicine Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? PROTECT ME FROM WHICH I CANNOT SEE: WHEN ADVANCE DIRECTIVES ARE NOT KNOWN Dying is not as simple as it used to be. Today preparing for oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s death can be as arduous as hiring a lawyers to draft a last will and testament, making sure that every last detail of oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s life is accounted for, to filling out a few simple forms that give an account of oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s wishes for how theyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢d like to die. Thinking and conversing about death doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t come easy for most people; Americans especially have a difficult time with the subject. The notion of one day disappearing is contrary to many of our defining cultural values, with death and dying viewed as profoundly à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“un-Americanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  experiences.1 However if planning for death is avoided or ignored, it can have profoundly negative consequences for both oneself and the family left behind. Planning for death no longer is simply about what should occur upon oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s death either. In recent history many cases have been brought to trial concerning oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s wishes before they actually died. Cases in which the defendants, in many instances, were in persistent vegetative states and did not have their wishes of what they would have chosen to do should such an incident have occurred documented. These are cases in which a simple set of instructions, not requiring drafting from a lawyer but legally binding regardless, could have determined the course of action and protected these persons and their families from years of publicized and undignified suffering. Several landmark cases highlight the absolute need to be prepared for the possibility of death. The cases outline the importance that the preparation be known, specific and documented; and show how these critical elements can help avoid unwanted confusion about end-of-life choices regarding prolonged life-sustaining measures. AD VANCE DIRECTIVES Advance directives are a set of legal documents that allow you to spell out your decisions about end-of-life care ahead of time. They give you a way to document your wishes to family, friends, and health care professionals and to avoid confusion later on.2 The documents can outline one or several aspects of a patientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s end-of-life choices including but not limited to decisions about CPR, intubation, hydration and enteral feeding, administration of antibiotics, dialysis, surgical interventions and durable power of attorney appointments. If choosing to document only one set of instructions a living will is the most important. A living will outlines which treatments you want if you are dying or permanently unconscious.2 In it one can specify key components of life-sustaining measures that one may choose to have enacted or from which one might choose to abstain; this includes the use of dialysis machines, respirators, the initiation of CPR or a ga stric feeding tube, and inclusion in organ donation. Of secondary importance, as aspects of it can be outlined in a living will, is a durable medical power of attorney which is a document that names your health care proxy, or someone you trust to make health care decisions for you should you not be able to do so.2 A health care proxy will act in your best interest because you have voiced certain instructions that you wish carried out on your behalf in regards to life-saving or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"sustaining measures. A Do Not Resuscitate order (DNR) and a Physician Order for Life-Sustaining Treatment (POLST) are both medical directives that are preset and witnessed by a physician and are kept readily accessible should the need to consult them arise. Both of these directives are valid internal to and external of a hospital and are intended to prevent unwanted medical intervention to save a dying patientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s life. The importance of having an advanced directive is cl ear; document guidelines of how and to what end you would like your life saved or prolonged should unexpected tragedy befall you. The intentions are to make sure your wishes are known and enacted upon and ensure total autonomy of your medical decision-making. Directives provide guidance for medical wishes, protection from unwanted medical intervention and establish a hierarchy of involvement that you would like made on your behalf. No matter which directive you use, no one will be able to control your money or other property based on your advance directive3; they are not intended to replace a Last Will and Testament. And although advance directives are binding once signed and witnessed, they are revocable at any time by the holder and can be changed at will. In the clinical setting advance directives are usually initiated with the elderly population or upon a new diagnosis of a terminal disease. Rarely is it discussed among the young and able-bodied. But it is those unanticipated situations in which having an advance directive becomes the most important. KAREN ANN QUINLAN Due to an overdose of drugs and alcohol, Karen Ann Quinlan fell into a coma on April 15, 1975. After suffering severe brain damage from hypoxia she was unable to breathe properly on her own. She was intubated and rushed to the hospital whereupon she was dependent on a respirator to maintain adequate oxygen saturation. Neither the coma nor her breathing ever improved; Karen never regained consciousness and remained in a persistent vegetative state. In a landmark lawsuit on September 12, 1975, Karenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s parents, the Quinlans, asked that the respirator be disconnected and that their daughter be allowed to die with grace and dignity, because there was no hope she would recover.4 Even though her physicians agreed that there was no hope for improvement they were concerned about the legality of withdrawing Karen from the respirator; at that time there had been no medical p recedent for doing so in someone so young, particularly when her condition was not immediately terminal. Confronted with the physicians refusal, the Quinlans petitioned the court to have the respirator removed.4 This case set a precedent as the first time that any higher court had ever been required to address whether or not life-sustaining medical treatment could be stopped in a persistently vegetative patient.5 It was the ruling of the New Jersey Supreme Court that Karenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s life support could legally be discontinued. Testimony of some of Karenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s friends made claim that she had specifically made her wishes of not wanting her life maintained indefinitely on a respirator known to them; it was found however that such testimony was without probative weight.6 The Quinlans won the case by arguing Karenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s right to privacy was being violated by maintaining life support with no hope of recovery; thus the court ordered her withdrawal from the respirator. The unfortunate caveat of the case was neglecting to include the gastric feeding tube as part of the life support measures to withdraw; Karen lived for another 10 years off the respirator and with enteral nutrition; she died in 1985 at the tender age of 31 and weighing a mere 65 pounds. NANCY CRUZAN Nancy Cruzan was 33 years old when she was involved in a severe automobile accident. The year was 1983, Nancy suffered massive head trauma and cerebral hypoxia from landing face down in a puddle of water after the accident. Like Karen Quinlan, many heroic efforts were made to save her life after being rushed to the hospital. But Nancy never regained consciousness. Four years passed as Nancy was maintained, in a vegetative state, on a gastric feeding tube. In 1987, Cruzans parents went to court to ask that the feeding tube be removed and that she be allowed to die a dignified death as they said she would have wanted.7 During the hearings, however, the state of Mis souri argued persuasively against the familys request.5 This first ruling was against the Cruzans; the defense argued against the testimony from one of Nancyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s good friends who recalled a conversation sheà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢d had with Nancy about sustaining on life support and Nancy stating that, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“she hoped her family knew she didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t want to live in a vegetative state,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  calling the evidence à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“unreliable.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 8 The Cruzans appealed to the United States Supreme Court, where it was ruled that a constitutional right to refuse medical care, including feeding tubes did exist.5 It was also found, however, that the state of Missouri would require à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“clear and convincing evidenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  that Nancy Cruzan would have wanted her feeding tube removed as to not persist in a vegetative state. The Cruzans gathered evidence for another 3 years in order to provide the required level of burd en of proof. The evidence consisted of testimony from relatives, friends and previous coworkers; and in 1990 the US Supreme Court ruled that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“clear and convincingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  evidence had been brought forward. The ruling spurred enormous interest in living wills and other advance directives that allow people to spell out, in advance, what treatment they want, and who should make decisions for them if they became incapacitated.7 Nancyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s feeding tube was removed on December 15, 1990 and she died on December 27th at the age of 33 with her family at her bedside. MICHAEL MARTIN On January 17, 1987, Michael Martin sustained multiple traumas and a closed head injury affecting both hemispheres of his brain following a car-train accident. The injuries left him severely mentally impaired, unable to walk or talk, as well as dependent on the use of feeding tubes to sustain his life.5 Although completely paralyzed, Michael was not in a persistent vegetati ve state; he maintained some minimal aphasic responses and appeared to recognize familiar faces. Michaelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s wife, Mary, who was also his legal guardian, helped take care of him in the hospital over the next 5 years. Michael required a colostomy, a gastric feeding tube and was completely dependent on his caregivers. His condition did not improve and in 1992, Mary filed a petition in the courts requesting authorization to remove Michaels feeding tubes.5 Mary testified she and Michael had discussions regarding[their] wishesif either of [them] was ever involved in a serious accident, had a disabling or terminal illness or was dying of old age,9 forwarding that Michael had frequently stated that he would rather die than be dependent on people and machines.10 The probate court initially denied Maryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s request on account that although her testimony and the testimony of friends and old coworkers was both clear and convincing, Michael was not in a vegeta tive state and thus law did not apply. Upon appeal, however this decision was overturned and the request to remove the feeding tube was granted. Michaels mother, Leeta Martin, and his sister, Patricia Major, opposed the request and filed a petition with the Michigan State Supreme Court, asking that Mary be removed as Michaels guardian; alleging that Mary was only interested in settlement funds from a lawsuit against the railroad involved in Michaelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s accident.5 Although this petition did not succeed in removing Mary as Michaelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s legal guardian, the Court reversed the Appeals Courtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s order to remove treatment, holding that life sustaining medical treatment could not be removed from a formerly competent patient who had not made a living will or durable power of attorney.11 Though the Appealà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Court had found the evidence to be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“clear and convincing,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  the Supreme Court found insufficient ev idence; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Michaelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s wishesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ were à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“purely subjective,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  general, vague and casual and could not be considered because they were not expressed in writing.9 Thus, the court ordered that the tube feedings would be continued. As of 2001, Michael Martin was still alive. ANALYSIS All three of these cases present landmark changes in the way the judiciary system explores the controversy surrounding dying with dignity. Each case can be an example as to why advance directives are so important. Much of the hardship and suffering endured by these families could have been prevented had proper medical directives been in place. Although in every case the accident victims were in their 20à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s and 30à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s, the testimonies of their families indicted that the thought of their own death had crossed their mind at some point. The unfortunate consequence of Karen Quinlan surviving her respirator removal for 10 years post-withdrawal was simply a physiologic response, not her à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“will to liveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  as some opponents argued. After more than a year of assisted breathing Karens breathing reflexes had stabilized enough to sustain her lung function even after the respirator was removed.5 Though she had at one point voiced a disinterest of having her life sustained on a breathing machine she had never voiced any such regard for having a feeding tube, which in the end is what kept her alive. This demonstrates the absolute importance that advance directives are clear, explicit, unambiguous and of utmost importance, documented. Karenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s body could have come to rest a lot sooner were it not for the lack of directives. The case of Nancy Cruzan follows in the footsteps of Quinlan in that she too had voiced through circumstantial conversations her disdain for à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“livingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  on a respirator and in a vegetative state. Before he r accident Nancy had had some experience working with patients on respirators and had made passing comments to friends and coworkers about à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“not wanting to end up like that.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  The caveat for Nancy was that though her comments were heard, they were subjective and evidence of neither a clear nor convincing nature. Again, advance directives were neither established nor documented and therefore à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“clear and convincingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  burden of proof could not be ascertained from her à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"wishesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Speaking plainly about what you do or do not want done and documenting all aspects of your advance directives is the best way to protect yourself from an undignified death. Michael Martinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s case was complicated by family disputes and the appearance of alleged secondary motives that clouded the case for his dignified death. Familyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s involvement can be a blessing or a curse when it comes to deci ding how to interpret their loved ones wishes. When instituting advance directives it is important to establish a durable power of attorney that you trust to carry out your intents should you become incapacitated like Michael did. Mary Martin was Michaelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s best ally in his fight, but in the end he couldnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t protect her from the courts or his family. The DPOA is a binding agreement and can help protect those you love from unnecessarily painful negative allegations and distress.5 RESOLUTION Broaching the subject of preparing for death, especially when a patient is neither sick nor dying, can prove to be a difficult task for physician. Patients find it even harder to ask their doctors about the taboo subject, as if talking about it brings it imminently closer. When it comes to advance directives and physicians ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“chicken and the eggà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  dilemma, you canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t have one without the other. It therefore becomes more important for physicians to acclimate to this age of preparation and rely that patients want to hear what they have to say; likewise patients must be open to the notion that advance directives are not going to bring death closer, simply prevent unexpected issues from worsening. Approaching your physician with an open mind to the process can make everyone involved more comfortable. Doug White, director ethics and decision-making at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center states, Theres a real hunger for [AD] information, even though its emotionally difficult to hear. Advance directives are a necessary and often not-talked-about part of life. If we can learn anything from these cases it is that advance directives should be thought about early, prepared completely, documented properly and stored safely. Due to the unpredictability of life and its many potential pitfalls, the only way to navigate it is by being informed and prepared. Advance directives s hould use clear and concise language that outlines the who, the what, the where, the when and the why of how you want your wishes enacted. Multiple copies of your advance directives should be available; a hardcopy at home and an electronic copy as part of your medical record should be maintained and kept up-to-date. The elderly and chronically ill may also wish to carry a POLST on their person in case of emergency trips to the hospital occur or a medical identification bracelet can be made to outline instructions. Above all know that you are in control of your own life and your own death, advance directives help you to do both. CONCLUSION Over the past century, death and sex battled it out to be the number one unmentionable in America; these two topics were most reflective of our shame and embarrassment when it comes to all corporeal matters.1 Natural death is an inevitable part of life, and preparing for that is easy; sudden and non-precipitous death is what takes the plannin g, and ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s what everyone wants to avoid. It is possible, however, to prepare for a good death with an advance directive and effective power of attorney.12 In town of La Crosse, Wisconsin 96% of residents have an advance directive in place, the national average is about 30%. In this town, they are comfortable talking about death. In this town they are prepared for the unthinkable. In this town they are clear, concise and unambiguous about their wishes about how they want to be let go should that time come. In this town, they all sleep a little easier at night. RESOURCES 1.Samuel L, PhD. Death, American Style. Psychology Yesterday 2013; https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/psychology-yesterday/201306/death-american-style. Accessed March 7, 2014. 2.Institute NIoHNC. Advance Directives. Medline Plus: Trusted Health Information for You 2005; https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/advancedirectives.html. Accessed March 8, 2014. 3.Society AC. What is an advanc e directive? Advance Directives 2013; https://www.cancer.org/treatment/findingandpayingfortreatment/understandingfinancialandlegalmatters/advancedirectives/advance-directives-what-is-an-advance-health-care-directive. Accessed March 9, 2014. 4.McFadden RD. Karen Ann Quinlan, 31, Dies; Focus Of 76 Right T Die Case. The New York Times. 19850612, June 12, 1985. 5.Directives L. Lifecare Key Legal Cases. 2009; https://www.lifecaredirectives.com/key_legal_cases.html#Karen. Accessed March 11, 2014. 6.In the Matter of Karen Quinlan, An Alleged Incompetent, 355 (Supreme Court of New Jersey 1976). 7.Lewin T. Nancy Cruzan Dies, Outlived by a Debate Over the Right to Die. The New York Times. 19901227, 1990. 8.Cruzan, By Her Parents and Co-Guardians, Cruzan et ux v.Director, Missouri Department of Health, et al, 497 (1990). 9.In Re Michael Martin, a Legally Incapacitated Person; Mary Martin, Guardian and Conservator of Michael Martin v. Leeta M. Martin and Patricia Major, 450 ( 1995). 10.Lewin T. Fight for Life of a Helpless, Brain-Damaged Man Goes to the SupremeCourt. The New York Times. 19960219, 1996. 11.Martin, Michael. Healthcare Ethics 2014; https://www.ascensionhealth.org/index.php?option=com_contentview=articleid=249Itemid=173. Accessed March 11, 2014. 12.Andrews M. Prepare for a good death with an advance directive and effective surrogates. Los Angeles Times. 02142011, 2011. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Advance Directives Essay Example for College Students" essay for you Create order

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Methods of telling stories, which doRead More George W. Bush’s Language Comprising the War on Terror Essay5251 Words   |  22 Pagesand metaphors that constitute George W. Bush’s rhetoric on the current â€Å"war on terror.† Through an examination of the language that the president employs when speaking about the war on terror, I will elucidate several different categories of rhetoric he uses to describe different aspects of this conflict. Though largely descriptive, I will briefly compare Bush’s current conflict rhetoric with the conflict rhetoric of past presidents. Through this comparison, we will be able to identify any rhetoricalRead MoreEssay on Mintzberg 5 Ps of Strategy9155 Words   |  37 Pagesrealized strategy, as shown in Figure 1, then we can distinguish deliberate strategies, where patterns developed in the absence of intentions, or despite them (which went unrealized). STRATEGIES ABOUT WHAT? 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Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesPHILADELPHIA Temple University Press 1601 North Broad Street Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122 www.temple.edu/tempress Copyright  © 2010 by Temple University All rights reserved Published 2010 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Essays on twentieth century history / edited by Michael Peter Adas for the American Historical Association. p. cm.—(Critical perspectives on the past) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-1-4399-0269-1 (cloth : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-1-4399-0270-7

Mixed Member Proportional Government for Canada Free Essays

Canada’s government system was drafted at the Quebec conference by the so-called â€Å"Fathers of Confederation.† In this system, the Queen of Great Britain has the formal executive power. This in effect made the Canadian government system loosely based on the system being used by the United Kingdom (One Stop Canada, n. We will write a custom essay sample on Mixed Member Proportional Government for Canada or any similar topic only for you Order Now d.). Up to now, the Queen is still the head of the state, but just like any other parliamentary democracy, her powers are extremely limited. It is still the Parliament that drafts and approves the country’s laws, and then the Queen would give the final approval, so to speak, known as the â€Å"Royal Assent.† Whenever the Queen is not in Canada, the Governor General acts as her representative and performs all her ceremonial and administrative duties. The Governor General is always chosen by the Queen by virtue of the Prime Minister’s recommendation. The Governor General normally stays in office for 5 years (One Stop Canada, n.d.). The seat of power lies in the House of Parliament, but specifically, in the House of Commons. It is them who make laws for â€Å"make laws for the peace, order and good government of Canada†, and this includes defence, international policies, criminal law, immigration, border control and customs. They are being elected every 5 years. The present system in the Canada is the single member representation, commonly known also as first past the post or plurality system, wherein the whole country is divided into constituencies (total of 308) and during elections, whoever gets the most number of votes in any particular constituency represents the constituency, and take a single seat in the Parliament (One Stop Canada, n.d.). This system is now being challenged by many because of the presumed â€Å"lack of real representation† of this system. Challenges on the current system and call for a change Statistics from last year’s election show that in British Columbia, the Liberal Party gained 77 of the 79 seats for that province with only 58% of the votes, compared to the former ruling Democratic Party who only gained 2 seats despite getting 22% of the vote. (The Democratic Party held 52 seats during the elections before last year, with only 39.5% of the vote.) The Green Party, although they have won 12.5% of the total votes, got no seats at all. This recent election has proven to many that there is a need for a change in their electoral system. Adriane Carr, the British Columbia Green Party leader, leads the initiative to change the existing first-past-the-post system of Canada. Carr launched this initiative to encourage the government to consider her drafted legislation on the mixed member proportional government (Caron, 1999; Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand, 2002). In this proposed system, the benefits both electoral schemes will be combined. A voter will choose a candidate that he or she likes, and at the same time, vote for a party also. In this way, all constituencies will be represented, and at the same time, a proportionate number of seats will also be given to parties receiving a certain percentage of votes, thus, ensuring the representation on the interest or cause that it represents. It was also argued that this new system will maximize voter turnout as all votes will be taken into consideration, unlike the case of a first-past-the-post system where only the winning votes, so to speak, are represented in the parliament. This means that in this system, it would not only mean that the leading party would have seats in the Parliament, but also the minority party or parties, depending on the percentage of votes that they have won (Caron, 1999). This scheme is also said to increase the representation of women in the Parliament. In many countries in the Europe, proportional representation increased women representation by more than 10% (Caron, 1999). Such condition is something being advocated by parties like the Democratic Party in Canada. If proportional representation will be adopted by the Canadian political system, it is forecasted to increase the voter turnout from all levels of election, and at the same time, also increase the representation of other interests in the Parliament. Theoretically, this scheme will make all votes count. The ultimate question: Will this work in Canada? Many advocates of first-past-the-post system believe that if the system is not broken, then, do not fix it. But it appears that while it is not broken, there is a better way of doing it. Even cynics do not disagree with having a need for electoral reform. The current system of electoral process in Canada is based on a winner-take-all principle, which means that the only representation happening is the winning vote, i.e., the popular partisan viewpoint. This also means that the other vote, the losing view, lose their right to political representation. This system has produced a government with a winning party winning majority of seats, without really wining majority of the votes (Gordon, 2003). Canadians have only enjoyed true majority governments, elected by a majority of voters, four times since World War I (Gordon, 2003). The recent election show how â€Å"unrepresented† the voters are. And with the idea that they really have not attained a true majority government yet, still, they are using the first-past-the-post system despite the theoretically good outcome of a proportional representation system, or at least, the mixed member proportion. In all aspects of the theory, from the idea of being truly representative, to the idea of increasing voters’ turnout, we know that this mixed member proportion will work. Since World War 1, only four times have the Canadian people attained a true representative majority, which means for only four times have the people been truly represented. This new system will in almost all certainty, reduce the control of the reigning party in the parliament. The system has worked or is still showing potential benefits in all countries which have tried this. Canada will not be an exemption. So, more than just asking if this system will work in Canada, the ultimate question is: Will the existing government give this a chance to work? Works cited: Caron, Jean-Franà §ois. â€Å"The end of the first-past-the post electoral system?† Canadian Parliamentary Review, 22.3 (Autumn 1999): 19-22. Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand, 2002. Rod Donald exports MMP to Canada. Press release (28th March 2002). Gordon, Larry. â€Å"It’s time for fair voting in Canada.† Economics at About.com (15 October 2003). One Stop Canada, n.d. Canadian Political System. http://www.onestopimmigration-canada.com/canadian_political_system.html How to cite Mixed Member Proportional Government for Canada, Essay examples

Information Strategies Of Firms Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Information Strategies Of Firms. Answer: Introduction In the modern era, effective management of business strategy is essential for growth and success of the organization in the long run. However, it can be critically argued that management of business strategy is not an easy task for companies as they are required to deal with different types of issues during the same(Johansson 2014). In simpler terms, the business strategy can be defined as the process of developing and implementing action plans to accomplish long and short-term goals. Nowadays, the competition among businesses in almost every sector has become so intense that it is not easy for organizations to sustain in the marketplace(Galliers Leidner 2014). Firms are now required to carry out changes in their business strategy at regular intervals with an objective to remain competitive in the marketplace. Apart from this, effective strategies help companies to lower down their operational costs and gain an advantage over other market players by offering services and products at low prices(El-Telbany Elragal 2014). It can also be expressed that business and information strategies also play a vital role in processes such as product development, integration of stakeholders, process improvements and communications. The use of different business and information strategies results in carrying out the smooth flow of all operations and activities within an enterprise. The present research report outlines different types of business and information strategies present in front of firms. In addition to this, the main advantages of implementing these strategies are also mentioned in the current research. The overall process of developing a result oriented business study has been reflected in this study. Project Objectives The objectives of present study are mentioned below as: The business strategy will aim at enhancing the existing market share and provide competitive advantage to the enterprise. To increase the overall strength of financial resources will be the another objective of this research The business strategy will also emphasize on the enhancing the overall productivity of company and will seek for improving profit margins by offering quality products and services to customers The objective of business strategy will be to encourage innovation within the enterprise Project Scope Business and information strategies can provide different types of benefits to companies in the long and short run. Furthermore, the intense competition within industries has resulted in creating several obstacles in the overall growth and success of businesses. At the same time, it is not easy for organizations to capture higher market share and attain the figure of desired profits. However, it can be critically argued that efficient and appropriate use of business and information system can help companies to gain the competitive advantage over other market players(Johnson et al. 2013). The rationale behind this is that the proper use of business strategy helps in carrying out proper communication with all stakeholders with regards to aim, objective and action plan of an enterprise. Apart from this, the use of business and information strategy also support in carrying out the best possible and optimum utilization of all available resources. The present study will help organizations to identify various types of business strategies which they can implement to become competitive in the marketplace. It will also assist in getting insight into the role of business strategy in enhancing the overall productivity and performance of a business enterprise. Furthermore, the scope of business strategy is not limited to improving the financial performance of a company, and the strategy can also help businesses to deliver satisfactory products and services to large customer base. On the other hand, it can be expressed that the use of business strategy can also contribute to enhancing the entire process of decision-making. Literature Review Business strategy is all about the plans that business prepares in order to accomplish the desired objectives. Further, it is a well-known fact that the market where organizations operate is full of challenges and in turn, large hurdles are faced at the time of conducting operations. Due to this reason effective business strategy is needed for the smooth functioning(El-Telbany Elragal 2014). The development of unique business strategy is the ultimate objective of every business and due to this reason IT systems are employed through which it is ensured that company is working on the right platform. A large number of factors are present that are considered by businesses at the time of framing strategies, and these factors are customer acclimatization, adapting various unique company strategies, in-house marketing, enclosure to limitations, staff member consent, and definitive leadership of the employees with proper experience in marketing(Laudon Laudon 2016) In short, no business can survive in the market if its strategy is not up to the mark. Strategies help in resolving various challenges that are present in the external environment. Both business and information strategy has a direct link with each other as it is a well-known fact that information is required at stages such as strategic, operational and tactical. Therefore, managing information in a proper manner is the ultimate objective of every business so that long-term performance can be enhanced easily. Majority of the managers present in enterprises focuses on the development of effective strategy, and this is done by analyzing the internal along with the external environment of the business where operations are being carried out. The external environment of the business takes into consideration customers, competitors, suppliers, etc. who directly influences the overall operations of the business(sterle 2013). They are the one on which the business performance depends and due to this reason it is necessary to frame strategies considering this factor. In short, the ultimate objective behind developing any strategy is the enhancement of customer base of the enterprise. The key goals associated with any organization is enhancing profitability level, sales volume, customer base, enhancing brand loyalty, etc. and they depend on the strategy that businesses frame(Pearlson, Saunders Galletta 2016). Apart from framing a strategy, organizations are required to take initiatives in its implementation where series of steps needs to be followed so that strategy can be readily accepted within the workplace. The competitive strategy allows business to maximize its overall value in the market, and it is possible to distinguish its products and services from those of competitors in the market. With regards to business, it is must for organizations to analyze the competition level in the market so that unique strategies can be developed for dealing with the issue of high competition in the market(Reynolds Yetton 2015). Business strategy is only successful if it has been generated by analyzing the environment where the company operates, and this sometimes becomes the main reason behind the success of the business in the market. A large number of benefits are associated with having a good business strategy and the major benefit is that it provides clarity, focus, and direction. It provides clear guidance to the business on which operations needs to be carried out. Further, the mission and vision can be accomplished quickly. Apart from this, the better understanding of the present business operation is another advantage of business strategy where companies can quickly know the actual stage where business is now and what actions are required to be taken for performance enhancement in the market. Further planning of the business is possible with the help of strategy, and it sets the direction for near future. This indicates the key benefits associated with the business strategy that provides the competitive edge to the business in every possible manner(Smallwood 2014). On the other hand, it has been identified that key reason behind the failure of any business in the market is its ineffective business strategy where companies are not able to find the clear direction where they have to operate, and it leads to unfavorable results. Information strategy is regarded as the high-level strategic plan with the motive to manage information of the business along with the knowledge resource. Further, it is a well-known fact that managing information in every organization is most crucial as its optimum utilization leads to favorable results for the business and enhances the market performance of the entity. Information strategy provides a base in understanding about the strategies objectives of the business(Veit et al. 2014). Every business enterprise relies on the information that is regarded to be accurate, relevant and timely. Further, information need differs from one company to another. For instance production department of the company needs information about raw material required production system etc. Therefore, this information needs to be managed properly for the overall growth of the company. Further, organization information resources can be managed with the strategy that relies on strategic objectives and provides an idea of the information needs along with the way in which employees should use that information. Series of steps are employed at the time of developing any information strategy where it starts when managers need to understand the strategic objectives of the business, the establishment of activities and information resources is the another stage, current process along with the information resources of the business are examined by conducting information audit. Moreover, information policy development contributes a lot to the development of an organization as it provides a base for managing information in an effective manner and brings favorable results in every possible manner. A large number of businesses operating in the market depend on up to date and trustworthy information(Wu, Straub Liang 2015). Due to this reason, companies have started to adopt IT systems through which they can manage valuable information, and it is utilized properly. With the advanced systems, it becomes easy to maintain information regarding storing and using it for different purposes. There is a need for every organization to build an information strategy that can assist them in gaining the competitive edge over its rivals. This leads to rising in efficiency level of the company in every possible manner and leads to favorable results also. Various studies carried out have supported in knowing that a lot of businesses relies on IT system for managing their information resource and through this, they can sustain in the competitive environment for a longer period(Galliers Leidner 2014). No doubt information is required at every level that involves strategic, tactical and operational level. Further, information needs of every department have to be satisfied effectively so that operations can be carried out smoothly and in turn, it acts as the development tool for the company. On the other hand, for effective implementation of the business strategy effective leadership is needed where leaders have to ensure that the present internal operations of the company are effective enough in adopting the new strategy. No doubt, implementation of strategy directly influences the entire organization and due to this reason stable leadership is must through which it is ensured that company is operating efficiently(Thamir Poulis 2015). Leaders set some benchmarks by which it becomes quite easy to implement the information strategy properly. Therefore, with the help of it can be stated information strategy is the most integral part of the study that manages business performance in every possible manner and aids company in obtaining favorable results. The present literature review undertaken holds some literature where the entire analysis is based on business and information strategies, and it does not focus on the other areas through which companies can enhance overall performance in the market. Further, it does not reflect the possible ways through which information within the workplace can be managed, stored and utilized for enhancing the overall efficiency of the enterprise. Only the relevance of information strategy has been highlighted in the literature review but no valid ways through which storage is possible so that each department can utilize information to enhance overall performance in the market Research Questions Primary question To define a business strategy which can help a business to gain competitive advantage in the industry? Secondary question Explain how a business strategy can enhance the existing market share and provide competitive advantage to the enterprise? How the overall strength of financial resources can be increased through business and information strategy? How a business strategy can contribute in enhancing the performance and productivity of an organization? Research Design And Methodology Research methodology can be defined as the action plan developed by a researcher with an objective to carry out the study in the best possible manner. The section of research methodology consists of various techniques and tools which are adopted by the researcher to gather appropriate information and carry out analysis of the same(Neuman Robson 2014). On the other side of this, research design can be termed as an overall strategy which is employed by a researcher with an objective to carry out the logical integration of various components linked with the study. Exploratory design of research has been used in the present study to identify a business strategy which can help a business to gain a competitive advantage in the industry. The reason behind using exploratory research design is that it has provided the researcher with an opportunity to get insight into the topic selected for investigation. In addition to this, the use of exploratory research design has also supported in developing a valid and accurate conclusion of the entire research. To collect adequate, reliable and valid information, primary and secondary sources of data collection have been used in the present research. Here, secondary data is collected from different articles, journals, and books published on the topic which is the business strategy. On the other hand, primary data has been collected through managers of the multinational retail organization. The researcher has employed purposive sampling technique, and the sample size is twenty managers. Qualitative research The process of conducting qualitative research consists of six major stages, and the researcher is required to be very careful at every stage. The process begins with developing the fundamental questions of the study and this stage followed by the selection of different secondary sources from where information can be collected. In the third stage, the research gathers information from the selected sources(Flick 2015). The fourth step includes analysis and interpretation of the collected data, and in the fifth stage, the conceptual and theoretical framework of research is developed. In the sixth step of the qualitative research process, findings and conclusion of the study are written by the researcher. Here, the researcher is required to ensure that the data collected from secondary sources are reliable and validity or not. Selection of latest and authentic sources to obtain required information is the fundamental approach to reliability and validity in qualitative researches. Regarding sampling, it can be asserted that non-probabilistic technique of sampling is used in qualitative research. Furthermore, purposive, snowball, quota, convenience are different types of sampling method which are used in qualitative research. The sample size in such kind of investigations varies from 20 to 50 respondents. Quantitative research The process of quantitative analysis begins with the development of suitable theory and then hypothesis which is linked with the research. In the third stage of quantitative studies, appropriate design of research is selected, and then different measures of concepts are devised in the fourth stage(Mackey Gass 2015). In the process of carrying out quantitative research, different types of respondents and sites are selected by the researcher in the fifth stage. Moreover, the six-stage deals with the collection of data and the stage are followed by analysis and interpretation of the same. In the last stage of quantitative research, the valid conclusion is drawn by the entire conducted report. Questionnaire and tests can be termed as the most common and widely used instruments in quantitative studies. Here, a probabilistic method of sampling is used, and the researcher prefers small sample size with an objective to avoid errors during the study. The process of data collection is carried out with the help of tools such as questionnaire and interview(Taylor, Bogdan DeVault 2015). In quantitative research interviews are also considered as survey interviews as the format of question and answer is in the form of the survey. Apart from, the questionnaire which can be termed as the set of written questions is also used in quantitative research. The reliability and validity of data can be ensured by selection of most appropriate sample and size. Research Limitations Researcher limitations can be termed as those factors of study which beyond the control of researcher and influence the overall study to a great extent. For the present researcher, time and cost can be considered as the major research. To conduct the entire study on business and information strategy, the limited amount of time and money was available to the researcher. In addition to this, limited literature on business strategy and competitive advantage can be termed as another limitation of this study. Time Schedule Activity Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8 Week 9 Writing Research Proposal Reading various literature Finalizing the aims and objectives Draft literature review Collect secondary data Analyze secondary data Develop research approach Draft research methodology Develop questionnaire Arrange the interview Conduct the interview Accumulate the data Draft Findings Analyze data Complete remaining chapters Submit it to tutor and await for feedback Conclusion From the above study, it can be concluded that business and information strategy plays a vital role in success and growth of companies. Furthermore, appropriate use of business strategy can support the enhancement of the existing market share and provide a competitive advantage to the enterprise. References El-Telbany, O Elragal, A 2014, ' Business-information systems strategies: A focus on misalignment.', Procedia Technology, vol 16, pp. 250-262. Flick, U 2015, Introducing research methodology: A beginner's guide to doing a research project, Sage, United Kingdom. Galliers, RD Leidner, D 2014, Strategic information management: challenges and strategies in managing information systems, Routledge, Abingdon. Johansson, B,SFPA 2014, 'Alignment of business and information strategies and its impact on business performance', Journal of Business Economics and Management, vol 15, no. 5, pp. 886-898. Johnson, G, Whittington, R, Scholes, K, Angwin, D Regnr, P 2013, , in Exploring strategy text cases , Pearson, New York City. Laudon, KC Laudon, J 2016, Management information system, Pearson Education India, Delhi. Mackey, A Gass, S 2015, Second language research: Methodology and design., Routledge, Abingdon. Neuman, WL Robson, K 2014, , in Basics of social research, Pearson , London. sterle, H 2013, Business in the information age: heading for new processes, Springer Science Business Media., Berlin. Pearlson, KE, Saunders, CS Galletta, D 2016, Managing and Using Information Systems, Binder Ready Version: A Strategic Approach, John Wiley Sons, New Jersey. Reynolds, P Yetton, P 2015, 'Aligning business and IT strategies in multi-business organizations', Journal of Information Technology, vol 30, no. 2, pp. 101-118. Smallwood, R 2014, Information governance: Concepts, strategies, and best practices, John Wiley Sons, New Jersey. Taylor, S, Bogdan, R DeVault, M 2015, Introduction to qualitative research methods: A guidebook and resource. , John Wiley Sons., New Jersey. Thamir, A Poulis, E 2015, ' Business intelligence capabilities and implementation strategies', International Journal of Global Business, vol 8, no. 1, p. 34. Veit, D,CE,BA, Buxmann, P, Hess, T, Kundisch, D, Leimeister, JM, Loos, P Spann, M 2014, 'Business models', Business Information Systems Engineering, vol 6, no. 1, pp. 45-53. Wu, SP, Straub, D Liang, T 2015, 'How information technology governance mechanisms and strategic alignment influence organizational performance: Insights from a matched survey of business and it managers.', Mis Quarterly, vol 39, no. 2, pp. 497-518. Zikmund, W, Babin, B, Carr, JC Griffin, M 2013, Business research methods, Cengage Learning, Massachusetts.