Marriage Proposal - 2834 Words

A Marriage Proposal (sometimes translated as simply The Proposal, Russian: ПÃ'€Ð µÃ ´Ã »Ã ¾Ã ¶Ã µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã µ) is a one-act farce by Anton Chekhov, written in 1888-1889 and first performed in 1890. It is a fast-paced play of dialogue-based action and situational humour. Characters Stepan Stepanovitch Tschubokov, 70 years old, a landowner †¢ Natalia Stepanovna, his daughter, 25 years old †¢ Ivan Vassiliyitch Lomov, 35 years old, a neighbour of Tschubukov, a large and hearty, but very suspicious landowner Plot synopsis Ivan Vassiliyitch Lomov, a long-time neighbor of Stepan Stepanovitch Chubukov, has come to propose marriage to Chubukovs 25-year-old daughter, Natalia. After he has asked and received joyful permission to marry Natalia, she is invited†¦show more content†¦There are merely three characters involved in this text play namely: Stepan Stepanovitch Tschubukov (Natalia’s father), Natalia Stepanovna (Stepan’s daughter, 25 years old)), and Ivan Vassiliyitch Lomov (Stepan’s neighbor who falls for Natalia). The plot of the text play has been so hilarious and entertaining. It simply enlightens readers that two people who fall in love each other can never be entirely united if they cannot take the edge off their own selfishness. †¢ Each character actually holds different identifying features but in general we can conclude that they share the same attitude, i.e. egoistic, stubborn, and high self-esteem. They stick to their belief that the meadows—thing which is being tightly debated belong to their own family. Tschubukov, in fact, agrees to the marriage proposal proposed by his neighbor toward his daughter. But gradually he changes his mind when Lomov starts the debate that the meadows belong to his family. Indeed, Natalia and her father get mad. They simply yet totally debate and argue trivial matters such as dogs and meadows. The ultimate goal, the marriage proposal, should have been achieved earlier if Lomov doesn’t start the debate and Natalia doesn’t respond to every trivial matter in which Lomov states, for they both are fully aware that they love each other. †¢ The segmentation of this textShow MoreRelatedA Problem Relationship in A Marriage Proposal by Anton Chekhov526 Words   |  3 PagesA Marriage Proposal It seems as if Anton Chekhov is showing in a comical way the struggle of how it can be to separate a person’s wants and needs. Both Ivan and Natalia want to get married but what they actually need is an understanding between one another before they can simply wed. They argue over issues that are ridiculous for an engaged couple to even care about. Anton shows that wants can overpower a person’s needs just upon how the story plays. Ivan simply goes over his neighbors’ houseRead MoreEssay about The Art of a Marriage Proposal580 Words   |  3 PagesThe Art of a Marriage Proposal Do you remember your marriage proposal? Like so many others, one of my most memorable would be â€Å"The marriage proposal†. I found the pictures in the convergences book of the four different types of marriage proposal very interesting. It is thrilling to see the inventiveness that some people come up with to ask a plain but a momentous question. Although various approaches may be extremely expensive, others maybe personal and some might not even contain words. RegardlessRead MoreThe Marriage Proposal By A Russian Writer Anton Chekhov And The Rising Of The Moon875 Words   |  4 PagesThe two dramas that describes a humorous and serious drama is The Marriage Proposal is a play written by a Russian writer Anton Chekhov and The Rising Of The Moon by Isabella Augusta Persse. Both of these dramas was very interesting and kept the reader interested throughout the play. Both plays effectively use the setting, themes and characterization to achieve a good storyline. The Marriage Proposal s setting in this play takes place in the reception room at Tschubukov’s country home in theRead MoreEssay on Marriage Proposal in Pride and Prejudice3099 Words   |  13 PagesMarriage Proposal in Pride and Prejudice During Pride and Prejudice there are six examples of marriage proposals to consider. Throughout this essay I am going to be commenting on the proposals between Mr Darcy and Lizzie the first time, Mr Collins and Lizzie, Mr Collins and Charlotte as well as Mr Bingley and Jane, Wickham and Lydia and the second proposal of Mr Darcy to Lizzie. Whilst looking at these proposals I will also be analysing the aspects of Love, Money, the relative statusRead More Personal Narrative- Marriage Proposal Essay1166 Words   |  5 PagesPersonal Narrative- Marriage Proposal There is a knock, quick and steady, upon the hotel room door. Almost 8:30. Breakfast. This is it, I tell myself, as my heart settles in my throat. A young man brings in a silver tray, sets it quietly on the small table in the living room. I look at the tray, disappointed. It doesn’t look how I had imagined it. I expected it to be full of various objects, glasses, silverware, condiments, very elegant, where the ring box would sit hidden, to be discoveredRead MoreEssay about Interracial Marriages Proposal3930 Words   |  16 Pages| Interracial Marriages | Proposal | | Tyler Smith | | SOCI 381 12/10/2010 Introduction To see a black man and a white woman walking down the street holding hands used to be unheard of. It was a relationship that, for the few who engaged in it, was kept as quiet as possible. During the fifties and sixties, interracial dating was not socially acceptable and there wereRead MoreMarriage Proposals in Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice Essay1128 Words   |  5 PagesMarriage Proposals in Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice Romance Versus Security. It is universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife. These are the words of Jane Austen, and like many people of her time, she believed very much in the importance of finding a wealthy husband for young women. Jane Austens novel reflects the importance of marriage to many people around 1775. Although events such as theRead MoreWhat the Two Proposals in Pride and Prejudice Reveal About Marriage in that Culture1254 Words   |  6 PagesPrejudice’ is a novel fixated on marriage: throughout, all the ‘action’ occurs within scenes devoted to either the talk of marriage or actual proposals. This cannot be expounded more than within the very first line: ‘It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife’. Here, at the beginning of the novel, a definite, though somewhat sarcastic, statement introduces the main theme of the novel – marriage- and, possibly more importantlyRead MoreContrast and compare the two marriage proposals made to Elizabeth Bennet in the novel Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austin: Mr Collins proposal to Elizabeth and Darcys proposal to Elizabeth4640 Words   |  19 PagesContrast and compare the two marriage proposals made to Elizabeth Benne t in the novel: Mr Collins proposal to Elizabeth and Darcy s proposal to Elizabeth Jane Austen lived in a mercenary world and this is reflected in her novel. In Pride and Prejudice no secret is made of the need to marry for money. Jane Austen reflects different types of marriage in her novel. There is mercenary marriage, brought about solely for economic reasons. Such would have been the marriage between Mr Collins and ElizabethRead More Comparing Marriage Proposals from Mr. Collins and Mr. Darcy from Pride and Prejudice2623 Words   |  11 PagesComparing Marriage Proposals from Mr. Collins and Mr. Darcy from Pride and Prejudice The story of Pride and Prejudice revolves around a mother of five daughters, Mrs. Bennet, whose sole purpose is to marry off her daughters to suitable men. Jane is the eldest out of the Bennet sisters. Jane is the closest to Elizabeth from the rest of her sisters, this is because they stand on similar maturity levels, and Elizabeth is the second oldest. The main theme of the novel is based on the importance

Jane Austens Criticism on the Society Based on Pride and...

Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen: The Author’s Criticism on the Society During the 19th century, society was a lot different in both governmental and economic. In Pride and Prejudice, the author, Jane Austen, uses irony and satire to criticize aspects of the society. Jane Austen uses her satire to marvelously bring out the ridiculous characters. These characters symbolize her criticism on the society. Through her use of characters, she reveals her concerns towards the law, government, and each one’s own social value in the society. Social status is an important part of the 19th century English society and the Bennet family is no different from any other family in their attempt to improve their social status or to give the impression†¦show more content†¦By viewing Lady Catherine and Miss Bingley, their personality shows Austen’s criticism on the wealthy and high class. Elizabeth’s prejudice against Darcy causes her to treat Darcy differently than others. She dislikes Mr. Darcy when she first met him but on the other hand likes Mr. Wickham. Her prejudice towards the upper class shows the author’s real intentions in implying her criticism. The law is another criticism where Austen uses the Bennet family to portray it to the reader. The entailment of property causes conflicts between the society. She shows the reader through Mr. Bennet. In the beginning of the novel, the author tells the reader of Mr. Bennet’s property: Consist[ting] almost entirely in an estate of two thousand a year, which, unfortunately for his daughter, was entailed in default of heirs male, on a distant relation; and their mother’s fortune, though ample for her situation in life, could but ill supple the deficiency of his. (25) Mr. Collins serves as her criticism of the law which forces Mr. Bennet to leave his property into the hands of such a ridiculous man instead of his own daughters. Austen first shows the personality of Mr. Collins in order to create the greatest satire of the story: His veneration for her as his patroness, mingling with a very good opinion of himself, of his authority as a clergyman, and his rights as aShow MoreRelatedJane Austen s Criticism And Judgment Of Socially Constructed Beliefs Of Women1199 Words   |  5 PagesBy developing unconventional female characters that defied social customs, Jane Austen utilized her literary pieces as a framework to critique misogynist beliefs formed by society. Living in a patriarchal society dominated by men and harsh gender roles in England, Jane Austen sought to transform cultural values. She used the ideology of marriage and her heroines’ refusal of courtship to effectively and strategically chastise sexist views on gender and marriage. Her development of defiant charactersRead More Feminism in Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen Essay1713 Words   |  7 PagesFeminism in Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen Jane Austen, the author of Pride and Prejudice, holds feminist views and uses the novel to show her opinions about womens issues. Pride and Prejudice is a personal essay, a statement of Jane Austens feelings about the perfect lady, marriage, and the relationship between the sexes. Jane Austens characters, plot, and dialogue are biased to reflect her beliefs. The biased process and importance of marriage are introduced with the first lineRead MoreSatire in Jane Austens Pride in Prejudice Essay3688 Words   |  15 PagesJane Austen’s Satirical Writing: Analyzing the Satire of Social Class Within Pride and Prejudice    Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice delves into the issue of why social standing in a society based solely on class should not be the most important thing when evaluating the worth of a person. Through several different literary techniques – such as letters and abundant focalizers – Austen conveys important information about key issues she has with the significance placed on social standing. The themeRead MoreJane Austens Pride and Prejudice1061 Words   |  5 Pagesoff of society’s standards. Many writers criticizes the influence that society has over its members. The romantic novelist Jane Austen satirizes her society and those who follow it. One of her most famous works, Pride and Prejudice, is a great example of this satire. Throughout the novel she explores the effects of society through her characters. In Jane Austen’s novel Pride and Prejudice, she divulges the central theme of society and social class through the characters Elizabeth Ben net, Mr. Darcy,Read MoreManners in Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen3437 Words   |  14 Pages Pride and Prejudice Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice not only established her historical importance among scholars and critics, but continues to remain popular. Pride and Prejudice, a comedy of manners, was published in 1813, and is a staple of the English literature. It recreates the social world of the landed gentry of early 19th-century England and embodies the theme that preconceptions and egotism can overcome true love. Pride and Prejudice is somewhat autobiographical; emphasizes the key elementsRead MorePride and Prejudice1906 Words   |  8 PagesPride and Prejudice tells a story of a young girl in the midst of a very materialistic society. Jane Austen uses the setting to dramatize the restraints women had to endure in society. As the novel develops, we see how women have to act in a way according to their gender, social class, and family lineage. Elizabeth Bennet’s sisters represent the proper societal lady while Lizzy is the rebel. Through her characters Austen shows how a women’ s happiness came second to the comfort of wealth. As the plotRead MoreCritisicm On Pride And Prejudice Essay1916 Words   |  8 PagesMarriage in Pride and Prejudice Each individual in this world surely have a dream to get married once they grow up, especially with the one they love. Even though today’s society accepts unmarried relationship where couples live together and have babies out of wedlock, in the end marriage is what they hope for as a symbol of their relationship. Clearly, marriage is a must in human’s life. This necessity influences humans to create stories that end with marriage and live happily ever after. Pride andRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1589 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Jane Austen’s’ Pride and Prejudice was published in 1813. The setting of the novel was based in England. During the 18th century, society’s main focus was on social status, courtship, and marriage. Pride and Prejudice depicts the commotion of a town called Longbourn by the arrival of Mr. Bingley, a wealthy man. At the beginning of the novel, Mrs. Bennet is trying to marry one of her five daughters-Jane, Elizabeth, Mary, Kitty, or Lydia-to Bingley. When Mr. Bingley meets Jane at a ball,Read MoreJane Austens Influence on Literature2794 Words   |  12 Pages Jane Austen was a romantic novelist who captivated English readers with her inspired writing skills. Even today, readers all over the world learn to enjoy her writing style and the settings among the landed gentry, a largely historical British social class, consisting of landowners who could live entirely off rental income (Wikipedia.org), during a time when a womans place was considered to be in the home and subservient to the male. Jane Austen was reflective of herRead MoreCourtship in Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen Essay1587 Words   |  7 Pages Through the use of literary devices, Pride and Prejudice reveals Jane Austen’s attitude towards the novel’s theme of true love through the act ions of the suitors; the process of courtship in the 1800s articulates characterization, foreshadowing, and irony. The novel opens with the line, â€Å"it is a truth acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of wife,† (Austen 1) which foreshadows the conflict of finding a significant other . During the Victorian age, men

Drama A road to heaven Free Essays

As I entered the auditorium to join the rest of the audience, I noticed the set stage, afraid that the play has began, I soon realised that it was set up like that for a purpose. This gave a very new impact to me and made you wonder what the production was going to be about. It also thought me that the beginning of the play does not have to begin with closed curtains or a frozen image. We will write a custom essay sample on Drama: A road to heaven or any similar topic only for you Order Now It gave it a very good way of introducing the play. Although the nurses sitting on the stage gave me a good perception of where the play was going to take place. The play was a musical, and it was portrayed in different styles of music and introduced in a variety of ways such as costumes, which showed creativeness and imagination for the scenes. The costumes allowed humour to be created and helped the song and the message that they were trying to get across. The music surprisingly were songs that can be recognised by any generation as they used the unforgettable and loved tunes of any age and they were altered to combine with the musical and characters of the play. The lighting helped the atmosphere and surrounding of the scene it helped us to focus on particular characters and the musicians were always seen as they had particular lighting in order for them to see the instructions. Musicians were not hidden and were visual to the audience at all times. This however did not affect the play. It was very helpful for us drama students, as we have never been introduced in a play where they were exposed musicians and it gave me an interesting perception and I was amazingly surprised by the fact that such a small orchestra composed and produced such wonderful and powerful music. I noticed throughout the scene how there was a young male nurse who helped with the characters’ costumes and props. I believe that the purpose of him being in the scene dressed up as a nurse is to show us the constant of him helping the cast in the play itself and playing the role of a nurse n the story. The music conductor of the small orchestra spoke to the audience on behalf of the cast, he also helped the cast with their timing of the singing and the time they were going to actually sing this exposed his role with the orchestra and the play. The play was very enjoyable to watch and thought me many techniques and gave me a wide range of ideas. The characters were extremely entertaining to watch and I liked the use of music and ideas used by the company. It did not only teach me about techniques and performances but it also thought me something else about life, â€Å"that however old you are you can be as young as a toddler† and the second lesson and important message of all is that â€Å"You cannot always get what you want†. I hope too, that one day that however old I or anyone else gets we will never lose the young ness within ourselves just like the characters of Road to Heaven. How to cite Drama: A road to heaven, Papers

A Pact to Overcome Challenges free essay sample

Most of the important things in the world have been accomplished by people who have kept on trying when there seemed to be no hope at all ( Dale Carnegie). There have been many people who have accomplished things in their life when there seemed to be no hope. In We Beat the Street, Drs. Davis, Hunt and Jenkins did everything they could to stay out of trouble, and stay in school. The three young boys wanted to make something of them-selves. They had made a pact to make it out of the hood, and go to college to become doctors. Although, some may argue otherwise, an individual’s community, whether it be their friends or family, can make a huge impact on the success one might have. These three young men had to overcome many challenges to become doctors. Sampson Davis had to overcome many challenges growing up. He had to learn to act tough in his neighborhood due to all the drug dealers and the violence that went on. As part of a defense mechanism and survival he had to learn such things. He learned them at a young age, but learning these things still made It hard to tell his friends that he didnt want anything to do with drugs.For example, on one of his birthdays, his friends thought It would be a good idea to get drunk and smoke cocaine. However, Sampson told his friends that he wasnt into doing that stuff and only a few minutes later his friends were high enough to where they didnt even realize that Sampson had left. Sampson had to learn to tell his friends no, but also at the same time try to fit in. He liked to play sports and he would hang out with his friends but wouldnt touch the drugs unlike his friends. Most of the kids he went to school with thought getting good grades In school Isnt a cool thing to do.Sampson would get Ass and Bis and If by chance a friend seen an A on one of his paper he would tell them he cheated so he wouldnt get teased. However, Sampson liked getting good grades and he enjoyed school. He always made honor roll and with such good grades his mother had him put in a better school. Her inspiration helped me to stay focused on accomplishing my goals (27). If It wasnt for some of the teachers and particular friends whom helped Sampson stay focused In school, he probably wouldnt have done as well as he had. Once In college Carla made sure Sampson he did his best and was Like mother usuries to him whenever he needed to be told straiten his act up. Furthermore, he probably wouldnt have been so driven to overcome all the challenges that were thrown at him while he was growing up. George Jenkins liked school from a young age, even though many of his friends didnt like school. Deep inside, I knew I could accomplish anything If given the chance (77). He went to a school that was known as a newer Inner-city school. He had teachers who gave him hope and told him anything is possible.Growing up in Newark wasnt easy for him, since his brother and all of his rinds were into drugs and trouble. His community, such as his brother and friends thought that school was for losers as he grew up. When George had to get braces, he became inspired to be a dentist. He was especially intrigued by all the instruments in the dental office, thus feeding his inspiration. From this inspiration, he knew that his was to work In a dentists office. He worked hard to accomplish his goals and dreams, of his friends did try to become a rapper but due the diversity in the community he gave it up. In accomplishing his goals and conquering his dreams he was able to overcome the challenges that were thrown at him in his adolescent years up. Rammer Hunt was always finding himself in trouble from the time he was little all the way up until he was in medical school. Rammer was almost kicked out of college because he hurt another student while he had his family visiting. It made him realize that fighting with his fist wasnt worth it anymore. It may not be the actions one person actually does, but rather at times it is simply the company in which he keeps.Unfortunately, Rammer didnt have a whole lot of options when it came to picking his many or community. People often say you can pick your friends, but you cant pick your family (57). Through this community in which he had, trouble kept finding him, even if he was attempting to stay away from it. Rammer was an active kid growing up, and he learned that solving problems with his fist was the way things were done on the streets. However, as he grew older and wiser he learned that his way is not how the rest of society reacted. Thus, he had to teach himself that fighting isnt the way to go.Still finding himself in trouble, he had to find his own ways out. With the help of his friends and family, he was able to learn some of the ways in which he could do this. Once he was able to hinder trouble from discovering him, he was able to become successful and overcome all of his challenges that had been put in his way as he grew up. Unlike the three doctors, I didnt have to overcome as many challenges as they did. I grew up with family and a lot of friends by my side, whom wanted to see me become successful in life. I had many teachers who inspired and taught me I could be anything I set my mind to.My parents were also there to instill in me to never give up on school. No matter what, their persistence always pushed me when I felt like giving up, or when I felt that I couldnt do school anymore. She inspired me, encouraged me, and motivated me. I was taught by my parents and a wonderful teacher to Dont be afraid to dream big. Dream yourself successful. No one aims to become a failure (133). Unfortunately, not everyone in this world has someone in their lives, which are persistent enough, to encourage individuals to pursue their dreams regardless of the hardships. I am lucky enough to have several pursuers in my life.

6 Things To Know About How To Buy a Telescope

6 Things To Know About How To Buy a Telescope Telescopes give skygazers a great way to see magnified views of objects in the sky. Buying that first (or second or fifth) telescope is an exciting moment, so its a great idea to be fully informed before heading out to the stores.  Theres a lot to learn and a telescope is a long-term investment, so its important to learn the terminology. In addition, its always good to know what types of objects are of interest. Some people mainly want to observe planets, while others are into deep sky objects. Those targets help determine which telescope to get. A telescope with eyepiece (lower end), finderscope,and a good mount are important for long-term enjoyment of stargazing.   Andy Crawford/Getty Images Power Is Overrated A good telescope is not JUST  about the â€Å"power†. If a telescope ad touts claims about 300X or other numbers about the â€Å"power† the scope has, watch out! High power sounds great, but, there’s a catch. High magnification makes an object appear larger, which is important. However, the light gathered by the scope is spread over a larger area which creates a fainter image in the eyepiece. So, its important to keep that in mind. Also, high-powered scopes have specific requirements for eyepieces, so its a good idea to check out what eyepieces work best with a given instrument. Sometimes, lower power provides a better viewing experience, particularly if observers are checking out objects that are spread out across the sky, such as clusters or nebulae.   Telescope Eyepieces: Power is Not the Only Object Any new telescope should have at least one eyepiece, and some sets come with two or three. An eyepiece is rated by millimeters (mm), with smaller numbers indicating higher magnification. A 25mm eyepiece is common and appropriate for most beginners. As mentioned above, a telescope’s power or magnification is not the best indicator of a good scope. As with the whole, so the parts. A higher power eyepiece does not necessarily mean better viewing. It may allow you to see details in a small cluster, for example, but if its used to look at a nebula, it will only show a part of the object. So, high- and low-power eyepieces each have their place in observing, depending on what interests the stargazer. Its also important to remember that while a higher magnification eyepiece may provide more details, it may be harder to keep an object in view. To get the steadiest seeing in such cases, its important to use a motorized mount. Remember: a lower-power eyepiece makes it easier to find objects and keep them in view. Lower magnification eyepieces require less light, so viewing dimmer objects is easier. Refractor or Reflector Telescope:  Whats the Difference? The two most common types of telescopes available to amateurs are refractors and reflectors. A refractor uses two lenses. The larger of the two is at one end; its called the objective. On the other end is the lens the observer looks through, called the ocular or the eyepiece. A reflector gathers light at the bottom of the telescope using a concave mirror, called the primary. There are many ways the primary can focus the light, and how it is done determines the type of reflecting scope. Telescope Aperture Size Determines the View The aperture of a scope refers to the diameter of either the objective lens of a refractor or objective mirror of a reflector. The aperture size is the true key to the power of a telescope. Its ability to gather light is directly proportional to the size of its aperture and the more light a scope can gather, the better the image an observer will see. At this point, many beginners just think: I’ll just buy the biggest telescope I can afford. Unless they can afford to invest in their own observatory as well, they should probably not go too big when it comes to an instrument. A small scope that can be transported easily will probably get used a lot more than a larger one that takes some effort to haul around. Typically, 2.4-inch (60-mm) and 3.1-inch (80-mm) refractors and 4.5-inch (114-mm) and 6-inch (152-mm) reflectors are popular for most amateurs. Telescope Focal Ratio. The focal ratio of a telescope is calculated by dividing aperture size into its focal length. The focal length is measured from the main lens (or mirror) to where the light converges to focus. As an example, a scope with an aperture of 4.5 inches and focal length of 45 inches, will have a focal ratio of f/10. While a higher focal ratio does not always mean a higher quality image, it often means as good an image for similar cost. However, a higher focal ratio with the same size aperture means a longer scope, which can translate into a telescope someone has to wrestle with a bit more to get into a vehicle for transport to a viewing area.   Get a Good Telescope Mount is worth the money.   The mount for a scope is just as important as the tube and optics. Most people don’t think of that when they decide to buy a scope unless theyve done their homework. The mount is a stand that holds the telescope steady. It is extremely difficult, if not impossible, to view a distant object if the scope is not very steady and wobbles at the slightest touch (or worse, in the wind!). So, its important to invest in a good, solid telescope mount.   There are basically two types of mounts, altazimuth and equatorial. Altazimuth is similar to a camera tripod. It allows the telescope to move up and down (altitude) and back and forth (azimuth). The equatorial is designed to follow the movement of objects in the sky. Higher end equatorials come with a motor drive to follow the rotation of the Earth, keeping an object in the field of view longer. Many equatorial mounts come with small computers, which aim the scope automatically. Caveat Emptor, Even for a telescope. Yes, let the buyer beware. This is as true today as it ever has been in the past. It also applies to the purchase of a telescope. Just as with any other product, it is almost always true that you get what you pay for. A cheap department-store scope will almost certainly be a waste of money.   The truth is that most people do not need an expensive scope, and its better to buy the best one for the budget. However, its also important to avoid getting suckered in by cheap deals at stores that dont specialize in scopes.   Being a knowledgeable consumer is key. Read everything about scopes, both in telescope books and in articles online about what is really needed for stargazing. Go to astronomy club meetings and do a little parasitic viewing (of course, always ask permission), and ask for advice about telescopes. Most members love to give advice, and theres no better way to experiment with different models of instruments. Edited and updated by Carolyn Collins Petersen.

Make Your Move Mr. President essays

Make Your Move Mr. President essays Make Your Move Mr. President The United States is at war. A war against Terrorism. A fight to uphold the freedom that America cherishes so dearly. When our new president comes into office, this war will be a pressing issue for him. Every US Citizen will have their eyes fixated on every move that the president makes. Will he leave our troops in Iraq? Will he send more troops in? These are common questions on our minds. The Government exists to protect us. That is what it was created to do. The war on terror is taking place because the government is doing its job. Before September 11, 2001, we didnt see terrorism as an immediate threat. In the time following September 11, our strategy changed. We realized that we cant just sit back and hope that we dont get attacked. When we see a potential threat, we need to address it. That is why we went into Iraq. Saddam Hussein was posing a threat to us. He was suspected to have nuclear weapons, and we didnt want to just sit around and wait for him to bomb us. So we took out Saddam. However, in taking out Saddam, we left Iraq with no real form of leadership. We didnt go into Iraq to destroy the country, we dont want to just leave the Iraqis without a government. The new president should try to get a viable government up and running as soon as possible in Iraq. We are risking the lives of our troops by keeping them there. It is however, more important that we fight on the streets of Iraq rather than the streets of Boston or New York. We want to keep terror at bay, and not fight this war within our boundaries. ...

Criminal Justice Career Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Criminal Justice Career - Essay Example Also to be included in the paper are the following: (1) a listing of at least 3 professional associations that could support in this profession. For each association listed, provide the mission of the organization, a profile of the association’s members, membership dues, and association publications; (2) based on the state of VIRGINIA, defining one’s jurisdiction, find any related legal codes associated with the chosen profession. Provide a link to that site with a paragraph description of the types of laws contained there. Finally, (3) list any other information sources that are critical in one’s profession. For each source listed, provide a link to that source, a description of the information found there, and how that information would be used in the chosen profession. Criminal Justice Career Career Profession Chosen From among the 50 careers listed within criminal justice and law enforcement careers (Criminal Justice Profiles, 2011), an interesting and challenging option I have chosen is to become an agent for Homeland Security, the department whose primarily aim is to â€Å"to secure the nation from the many threats we face† (Dept. of Homeland Security, 2011, par. 1). As explicitly indicated in their official website, â€Å"as a Homeland Security employee, you will help secure our borders, airports, seaports and waterways; research and develop the latest security technologies; respond to natural disasters or terrorists assaults; and analyze intelligence reports† (DHS: Career Opportunities, 2011,par. 1). ... 8). This career path is equally challenging and rewarding as deemed of eminent relevance to the public and to the environment. Article from Database In an article entitled FEMA Committed to Finding Temporary Housing for Storm Survivors dated June 1, 2011, the employees under Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) are enjoined to help survivors of the recent storms that affected a considerable number of communities and families in Missouri, to find temporary shelter (FEMA, 2011, 1). The career chosen manifests active response and commitment to uplift the conditions of people who have been beset by various hazards, including natural disasters. The article emphasized â€Å"FEMA’s mission is to support our citizens and first responders to ensure that as a nation we work together to build, sustain, and improve our capability to prepare for, protect against, respond to, recover from, and mitigate all hazards† (FEMA, 2011, 1). List of Three Professional Associations Americ an Correctional Association (ACA) is â€Å"a multi-disciplinary organization of professionals representing all facets of corrections and criminal justice† (General Resources, n.d., par. 1). Its official website indicates that â€Å"membership is open to corrections professionals, students, retired persons, interested citizens, organizations/institutions and corporations. There are many benefits to becoming a member of ACA including a one-year subscription to our Corrections Today magazine and On the Line newsletter, a 20% discount on selected publications and correspondence courses, ACA directories and discounted rates on our Winter Conference and Summer Congress of Correction (ACA: Membership, n.d., par. 1). National Criminal Justice

Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 11

Report - Essay Example Various alternate services are available in the new market in terms of usability and value. For example an individual wants to watch an episode of a missed serial via Internet on the computer. This may decrease the use of mobile TV. The era of a dynamic environment also brings challenges for vendors to make considerations regarding consumer preferences. The new market continues to be robust and evolving media, Internet services, mobile communications and consumer electronic products. The mobile TV global ecosystem consists of content providers, aggregators, retailers, service providers, networks, device software solution providers, and device OEMs. It concludes that the mobile TV ecosystem cooperatively provides an end-to-end information services and entertainment that is widespread from permanent and broadband networks above broadband wireless networks for the consumers of mobile devices in the 3rd generation or 4th generation mobile networks. Advanced mobile data networks consist of IPTV and mobile TV services provided by mobile operators in the western countries. A comprehensive definition of IPTV is available on www.iptvdictionary.com which says â€Å"Internet protocol television (IPTV) is a process of providing television (video and/or audio) services through the use Internet protocol (IP) networks. These IP networks initiate, process, and receive voice or multimedia communications using Internet protocol. These IP systems may be public IP systems (e.g. th e Internet), private data systems (e.g. LAN based), or a hybrid of public and private systems†.Mobile TV is considered as a superb application by stakeholders in the context of falling ARPU and profits of mobile operators. Organizations are involved in content provision and they have learned the technological improvements and advancements along with service availability. These factors lead to adoption globally with high revenue streams. Although the predictions related to the mobile

Globalization (Extended Analysis) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Globalization (Extended Analysis) - Essay Example Moreover, it never realized that state alone could not produce enough of wealth without people participation willingly – not forcefully. Also, it failed to understand that non-efficient or laggards could not be equated with efficient and committed workers in terms of rewards. Capitalism by its very philosophy rewards those who contribute most in the wealth generation. It is also true that communism did thwart the process of globalization at least until 1989 when the entire communist bloc, in principle and practice, collapsed completely across Europe and other parts of the world. It is obvious that when one political system or ideology – especially, when it has generated a great deal of hopes, fails miserably; people begin to look at other political system – ignoring whatever shortcoming it may have and that is what precisely happened. Capitalism bulldozed the old rotten ideas of socialism completely and began spreading its wings across most part of the world. It is perfectly fine to state that capitalism and globalization, in last two decades, went ahead neck to neck. Though the failure of communism is certainly one of the reasons for giving a way to globalization but it is equally true that technology and internet has been instrumental in accelerating the pace of globalization. It is because of the internet that messages get transmitted from one end to another in few seconds without any help from postal or courier services. Due to this, peoples across the world with different cultures, creeds and races have started feeling much closer than ever in the history of mankind. People need not move from one country to another for accomplishment of any task. A capital transfer from one country to another is virtually instantaneous without any inhibitions. Currency markets are now working round-the-clock and capital moves from one country to another just by click of a mouse. The fact remains that, if any country refuses to acknowledge or participat e in this process then it is certain to bring misery for its people. All said above, it should never be construed that globalization is a panacea for all evils. Barber correctly argues, â€Å"The collapse of state communism has not delivered people to a safe democratic haven† (29). According to Barber, the world is now racing ahead with Jihad and McWorld side by side. He further argues that Jihad and McWorld are not important in themselves; however, their relationship is important because anarchy rules them both. Both lack conscious and collective human control. Barber opposes both Jihad and McWorld equally. While Jihad emerges from narrowly conceived faiths that belie mutual dependence and social cooperation of people for growth and stability, McWorld tends to develop colonizing culture. Barber may be true in acknowledging that jihad is prospering in some parts of the world in last few decades but it is not an outcome of globalization. It is technology that has facilitated t hem. Further, I do not agree with him that both are interdependent. Globalization has more to do with economic system or free market economy that rests on efficiency of operations and comparative advantages of the nations. The proportion of â€Å"Jihadis† is very small compared to the total global population and majority of the world population do not

Human Rights Essays Grotesque Violation Sudan

Human Rights Essays Grotesque Violation Sudan Grotesque Violation Sudan Since early 2003, the world has been witness to the grotesque violation of human right in the Darfur region of Sudan. More than two and a half million civilians have been removed from their homes and roughly four-hundred thousand have been killed in what has been deemed genocide. Despite actions taken by the American and European governments, wealthy celebrities and humanitarians from all around the globe, the conflict in Darfur remains. It is the moral and ethical responsibility of America, Europe and China to give foreign aid to the suffering people of Darfur and chastise the Sudanese government for allowing these crimes to happen. It is also the peoples’ universal right to be protected from genocide and torture inflicted by the Janjaweed militia and encouraged by the Sudanese government. Conflicts in Sudan can be dated back as far as the fourteenth century. The main source of conflict today deals with ideology, ethnicity and competition for resources between the people and the Sudanese government, (Snyder, 2007). Torture, rape and murder has been all too frequent for the civilians in Darfur and war has been a major part of their history. This is no way how people should be forced to live and how a government should govern its people. The current conflict in this region has been labeled by the United Nations as â€Å"the worst humanitarian crisis in the world today†, (Kim, Torbay, Lawry, 2007, 353). Former British Prime Minister, Tony Blair, began an initiative in 2005 to encourage the international community to accept its responsibility for the crisis in Darfur. He said, â€Å"There can be no excuse, no defense, no justification for the plight of millions of our fellow beings in Africa today†¦.It is obscenity that should haunt our daily thoughts that four million children will die in Africa this year before their fifth birthday†¦.I fear my own conscience on Africa. I fear the judgment of future generations, where history properly calculates the gravity of the suffering,† (Howard-Hassmann, 2005, 489). President George W. Bush has also recognized that something needs to be done in Darfur. He said, â€Å"I promise this to the people of Darfur: the United States will not avert our eyes from a crisis that challenges the conscience of the world. For too long the people of Darfur have suffered at the hands of a government that is complicit in the bombing, murder and rape of innocent civilians. My administration has called these actions by their rightful name: genocide. The world has a responsibility to put an end to it,† (Fox News, 2007) Increasingly large amounts of Western citizens believe that the violation of human rights in Darfur, at least in part, is their own responsibility. This is seen very frequently on television with promotional commercials that state, â€Å"Save Darfur!† Documentaries such as â€Å"The Devil Came on Horseback† and â€Å"Darfur Now† have also helped give awareness to the public about crimes being committed in Sudan. The West bears a lot of the universal responsibility to provide, promote, and protect human rights. Americans, along with other powerful countries, have a great sense of pride when it comes to helping others. Western states are collectively responsible for much of the current world social and international order, as well as for the political and economical situations of Africa today, (Howard-Hassmann, 2005, 490). This does not mean that African states and other African actors do not have the same ethical responsibility. Many African leaders are primarily responsible. It is necessary for key international organizations, such as the United Nations, to sort out global ethics and it is necessary to sort out what ethical responsibilities global actors have, (Reeve, 2006, 6). William J. Talbott argued that, â€Å"an appropriate empathic outside observer may be in a better position than insiders to morally evaluate the practice or social arrangement,† (Tablott, 2005, 71). He went on to say, â€Å"First, reliable moral observation, especially across cultures, requires empathic understanding. Not all moral observers have the same degree of empathic understanding. Second, one’s interests or desires can introduce biasing factors that lead to self-serving rationalizations of one’s moral judgment. Other things being equal, moral observers without such biases are more likely to make reliable moral judgments than those with such biases. The problem is exacerbated if the self-serving judgments are socially enforced,† (Talbott, 2005, 76). Many individuals involved in the world debate about human rights now accept that â€Å"to protect against harm and to aid the deprived are strong universal duties,† (Howard-Hassmann, 2005, 489). On-the-ground and regional research by the International Crisis Group, Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International, Refugee International, and Physicians for Human Rights have been the center of important work dating back to the beginning of the conflict, (Reeve, 2006, 5). The conflict in Darfur shows that the intrastate collective action problem has not been properly addressed by a traditional multilateral approach. Instead the crisis in Darfur demonstrates the need for an expanded view of modern international law in the face of intrastate conflict that includes systematic intervention procedures and preventative aid, as well as a comprehensive approach that recognizes and integrates non-governmental organizations and non-governmental organization alliances, (Welling, 2007,149). Many states, organizations, and individuals deny responsibility in Darfur to avoid, prevent, or create harm. Two of these very important states are Russia and China, who have not supported international intervention in Darfur. Russia has blocked votes to take action against the Sudanese because of its arms dealing and China has because of its interest in oil. William J. Talbott reinforced the idea as to why states like Russia and China do not intervene. He stated, â€Å"Where a culture’s practices are supported by socially enforced self-serving justifications, the result will typically be a wide spread moral blindness, a blindness that is unlikely to be detected by the members of the culture who benefits from the practices and, because of the social enforcement, unlikely to be voiced by those who are disadvantaged by the practices,† (Talbott, 2005, 73). China’s need for oil reserves is growing along with the population and the Sudanese are providing oil, (Human Rights Watch, 2003). â€Å"Oil was the driving force behind Sudan’s civil war. Oil is driving genocide in Darfur,† (Virginia Quarterly, 2007, 2). Thomas Pogge stresses that citizens around the world need to take responsibility to protect each others’ human rights, (Howard-Hassmann, 2005, 488). His idealistic idea rejects the â€Å"concentric-circle theory of obligation† and â€Å"communitarian arguments† that people have a bigger responsibility to their families, communities, and nation than to â€Å"strangers with whom they have no, or very tenuous, connections,† (Howard-Hassmann, 2005, 488). Some may argue that this idealistic idea goes against human nature, and they may argue in favor of a more realistic notion.; however, the recognition of individual human rights requires a standpoint from which to criticize not only a culture’s external norms, but also its internal norms, (Talbott, 2005, 87). Article 28 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights promotes the idea that every state, institution, and individuals have the responsibility to protect everyone’s human rights. This is a fine example of global ethics. Article 28 states, â€Å"everyone is entitled to a social and international order in which the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration can be fully realized,† (UN, 1948). â€Å"Common-sense morality† helps people to make decisions about their own responsibilities. This often accepts the â€Å"concentric-circle theory of obligation†, (Howard-Hassmann, 2005, 489). This also suggests that people have the greatest responsibility to improve those harms these individuals have caused. According to Henry Shue, the first duty is to avoid depriving people of their rights, (Howard-Hassmann, 2005, 489). States and social institutions have special responsibilities to ameliorate harm that they, or their formal and legal ancestors, have caused. These states and social institutions have a responsibility not only for â€Å"sins of commission†, but also for â€Å"sins of omission†, (Howard-Hassmann, 2005, 489). Shue argues that we have the responsibility to protect others from harm and to aid the deprived. To avoid these duties is to commit a â€Å"sin of omission,† (Howard-Hassmann, 2005, 489). Movements for basic human rights usually develop in reaction to oppressive social practices, (Talbott, 2005, 87). There have been many carefully assembled eyewitness accounts of mass executions of African civilians, clearly murdered because of their ethnicity, (Reeves, 2006, 6). The United States Government has â€Å"substantial intelligence on Khartoum’s movement of corpses from better known sites to remote desert dumping grounds†, (Reeves, 2006, 6). According to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, many of the rights of the civilians have been obviously violated. Article 3 states, â€Å"everybody has the right to life, liberty and security of person.† There have been accounts listed by U.N. Secretary General Ban Ki-moon and groups such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch that some two-hundred thousand people have been killed during this conflict, (Fox News, 2007). This clearly violated article 3. Ahmed Adam Ali, a civilian currently taking refuge in eastern Chad, described the violations by the Janjaweed. He said, â€Å"The Janjaweed kill us because they want our land.† He claimed the Janjaweed said, â€Å"we don’t like black people in Darfur. Sudan is for Arabs, not Africans,† (Snyder, 2007). Of his village’s two-thousand people, Ali says, the Janjaweed killed four-hundred, including his brother, and bombers pursuing them on their multiple-week trek to camp in eastern Chad where one-hundred more were killed, (Snyder, 2007). There have been â€Å"hundreds of accounts, authoritatively assembled, of the ethnic targeting and comprehensive destruction of African villages† by Khartoum and the Janajaweed, (Reeves, 2006, 6). As seen in Ahmed Adam Ali’s account, it is clear that these assaults are charged with racial hatred. Article 5 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states, â€Å"no one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhumane or degrading treatment or punishment.† According to Amnesty International, a report found that rape and other forms of sexual violence in Darfur are being used as a weapon of war in order to humiliate, punish, control and inflict fear and displace women and their communities. These rapes and other sexual violence constitute grave violations of international human rights and humanitarian law, including war crimes and crimes against humanity. The report also examines the consequences of rape which have immediate and long-term effects on women beyond the actual physical violence, (Amnesty International, 2004). Human Rights Watch showed an example of Khartoums’s political and military command and control hierarchy. In a December 2005 report by Human Rights Watch there was a claim that stated: â€Å"Whether [National Islamic Front] policy [in Darfur] amounted to genocide remains unclear. The [UN] International Commission of Inquiry into the crimes in Darfur concluded that there was no government policy of genocide, but that crimes may have been committed by individuals with genocidal intent and that this question should be resolved in a court of law. Determining whether there was genocidal intent requires access to government documents and to those in the leadership, who planned and coordinated the campaign in Darfur, (Reeves, 2006, 6). A determination of genocidal intent does not require documentary evidence. There is already overwhelming evidence of the intent to commit acts that destroy a national, ethical, racial or religious group, which is defined by the 1948 United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crimes of Genocide, (Reeves, 2006, 7). Eric Reeves has pointed out several examples of how the Sudanese government has in fact committed genocide. He lists: 1.) The government, working along with the Janjaweed, has deliberately destroyed as many as eighty to ninety percent of the villages of African tribal groups. 2.) More than ninety percent of the total casualties are from African tribal populations. 3.) The people who are being displaced report that the massive destruction, killing, rape, abductions, and torture are from the African tribal populations in Darfur. 4.) The livelihoods of the displaced African tribal populations have been deliberately destroyed by the Sudanese government and Janjaweed. 5.) Damaging attacks on the African tribal populations are very often followed by the use of racial slurs from the Janjaweed aimed at this population. 6.) All evidence suggests that these actions are systematic, pre-planned, and coordinated, (Reeves, 2006, 6). There has been enough information available that vast exercises in ethnically targeted human destruction have been taking place, (Reeve, 2006, 6). It was clear to Western policymakers in late 2004 that the treatment of the people of Darfur constituted as genocide, (Howard-Hassmann, 2005, 497). On September 9, 2004 Colin Powell, the secretary of State during the first Administration of President George W. Bush, used the word â€Å"genocide† to describe the situation in Darfur, (Howard-Hassmann, 2005, 498). On September 21, 2004, at the United Nations, President George W. Bush himself also used to term, (Howard-Hassmann, 2005, 489). African areas of Darfur have experienced killing, raping and expelling of its inhabitants. Arab militias burned villages, killed animals, and poisoned wells, thus inflicting â€Å"conditions of life calculated to bring about a group’s physical destruction,† (Howard-Hassmann, 2005, 498). This is considered a form of genocide under Article II (c) of the 1948 Convention Against Genocide, (Howard-Hassmann, 2005, 498). Former Prime Minister Tony Blair talked about the world’s moral obligation and his then Chancellor, Gordon Brown, asked the question, â€Å"if not now, when? If not us, who?† (Howard-Hassmann, 2005, 510). Brown went on to say that it does not matter who causes Africa’s problems; everyone is responsible for solving them. Around the same time, General Romeo Dallaire added to this notion. He wrote: â€Å"Our governments are ourselves, at least in the West. Citizens are capable of actions in democracies, and of expressing their views to their elected representatives. Particular Western states may well have obligations to particular African countries for damaging them in the past or for not assisting them in the present. But this does not absolve other states of the responsibility to help Africans now,† (Howard-Hassmann, 2005, 510). The realization by powerful world leaders that there is a universal ethical responsibility to protect individuals from genocide has drawn debates around the globe. Russia and China have not supported international intervention in Darfur. By doing nothing when human rights are clearly being violated, gives the notion that these actions are â€Å"ok† by world standards. Abandoning the internal conflicts in Darfur weakens international efforts. This also creates a culture of impunity. Allowing genocide to continue gives a signal to African governments, especially the Sudanese government, that the international community accepts governance through murder and ethnic hatred, (Welling, 2007, 154). The willingness of the international community to intervene in intrastate conflicts lowers the level of violence state actors will risk and contribute to more serious foreign policy issues, (Welling, 2007, 154). When action is taken, results are noticed. When no action is taken, obviously, there are no positive results. The primary responsibility for the Darfur genocide falls on the Sudanese government and the Janajaweed, (Garcia, 2006, 51). No Western power had any reason to promote this genocide, nor did any do so. In fact, Western democratic powers strongly oppose such violations of human rights. Contributory factors might partially implicate the West, which has been hesitant to offend the central Sudanese government because it wanted to buy oil from the Sudanese, (Howard-Hassmann, 2005, 498). The Sudanese government also placed itself as a western ally in the war on terrorism, (Howard-Hassmann, 2005, 489). Another factor was the peace agreement between the Northern and Southern Sudan after their long civil war. Despite the evidence of mass murder, rape and torture, only small actions have been made to help the victims in Darfur. According to the United Nations Security Council, some of these small actions include a United Nations arms ban on all belligerents, a travel ban and asset freeze on some Sudanese. Also a decision has been made by the Council to refer suspected Sudanese war criminals to the International Criminal Court, (Howard-Hassmann, 2005, 499). These actions are not enough. People continue to die and only minimal actions, at best, are being made. Some African Union monitors have been in Darfur, logistically assisted by the West, watching what has been taking place. Unfortunately these monitors have been inadequately supplied. Nearly half of the expected personal from the African Union is currently in place, (Garcia, 2006, 53). Fred Nyabera, executive director of the Fellowship of Christian Councils and Churches, has welcomed a pledge of three-hundred million dollars in aid from the Sudanese government to help in the Darfur region. However, he claims that this is insufficient and should not divert attention from the underlying causes of the conflict. He said, â€Å"It is a positive step, but it is not enough,† (Christian Century Foundation, 2007, 15). He went on to say, â€Å"The real issues have never been sufficiently addressed. The focus has always been on the consequences,† (Christian Century Foundation, 2007, 15). Mark R. Amstutz would agree that foreign aid can undermine the goals being pursued, (Amsturtz, 2005, 30). Many world powers have failed to do anything in Darfur, and in some disrespect encouraged the hellacious violation of human rights. This needs to change immediately. The Chinese own forty per cent of a large oil project in Sudan and have also built a one-thousand six-hundred kilometer pipeline there, (Howard-Hassmann, 2005, 499). In exchange for access to the Sudanese oil, China gave the Sudanese government three arms factories. China is not a democracy and its citizens are probably unaware that the Chinese government is supporting a regime that condones genocide. Unfortunately, even if the Chinese population knew of what was happening in Darfur, they would not be able to criticize the Chinese government or take humanitarian action. China’s interests are a main reason why the Security Council has not taken stronger measures against the Sudanese government. Russia also invests in Sudanese oil and sells arms to the government, (Howard-Hassmann, 2005, 499). China and Russia prevent the United Nations Security Council from acting quickly or by applying sanctions. China and Russia have repeatedly threatened to use their individual vetoes to block all United Nations Security Council efforts to place sanctions on the Sudanese government, in order to protect their individual economic interests, (Welling, 2007, 160). Because of this, the international community allowed the killing to persist. Russia has blocked votes because of its arms dealing and China has because of its interest in Sudanese oil. It may also come as no surprise that the two most destructive regimes have been the Soviet Union (Russia) and communist China, which together are responsible for murdering ninety-seven million people, or more than half of all the twentieth century’s democide, (Amstutz, 2005, 95). Whatever actions the West and the international community take to improve the conditions in Darfur, they may not be enough. Humanitarian relief has been the primary aid given to the suffering individuals. The United Nations has not given as much support as it possibly could. Also, Western democratic states could provide more aid to individuals suffering in Darfur. Genocide is a political and military matter which at times is out of the hands of humanitarians willing to help. Genocide requires solutions made by political and military powers. Anything less than these actions suggests that â€Å"the world is indicating an acceptance of the genocidal status quo,† (Howard-Hassmann, 2005, 499). While states have many incentives for intervening in situations like Darfur, history has shown that, whether acting unilaterally or through the United Nations, states unusually intervene late or not at all. In Rwanda, the death toll reached eight-hundred thousand before effective actions were taken by the United Nations, (Welling, 2007, 157). The willingness of the international community to intervene influences the level of violence state actors will risk and contributes to more serious foreign policy issues, (Welling, 2007, 155). The world community, especially developed nations, pays for humanitarian crises that result from intrastate conflict. Many of the costs associated with intervention do not include the social and ethical costs of the nearly four-hundred thousand lives that have been lost. Even with regional organizations such as the European Union, the African Union, and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization involved in Sudan, they have not resolved the Darfur conflict in a speedy fashion, (Welling, 2007, 159). Some governments, such as the American, seem desperate not to be forced to do anything requiring serious diplomatic or political capital, even as it continually talks about the word â€Å"genocide† whenever the subject of Darfur arises, (Reeves, 2006, 7). The European Union has given millions of Euros to Darfur and the African Union has provided troops. However, the number of African Union troops in Sudan is restricted to a very small amount, while the region of Darfur they need to monitor is nearly the size of Texas, (Welling, 2007, 159). Obviously more ground and air support is needed. As of right now, the Security Council members desired to limit the troops’ mandate and refrain from giving the troops permission to protect innocent civilians. The African Union does not even have the most basic supplies. It cannot afford items such as tents, transportation or even food and medicine. Other states are still unwilling to help. For example, Germany gave the African Union computers for technical support, however, the instructions were in German, (Welling, 2007, 159). Diplomats from the region asked for support from the African Union to meet its challenges; however, only United Nations Member States outside of the African Union can provide the type of support needed. Darfur needs a peace agreement and an extensive multinational force to carry it out, (New York Times, 2007). Humanitarian intervention needs to continue in Darfur in hopes to â€Å"remedy mass and flagrant violations of basic human rights of foreign nationals by their government,† (Amstutz, 2005, 143). The United Nations, along with other world actors, need to take more serious action in preventing the genocide that is taking place. Global ethics requires global responsibility. All who are responsible for genocide must take responsibility. The â€Å"when† is now, and the â€Å"who† is everyone, (Howard-Hassmann, 2005, 510). The global responsibility includes all world actors, and it allows no government, no institution, and no individual to deny responsibility. The West may have a special responsibility to cure past harms and prevent present ones, but it is not the only region of the world to be responsible. International responsibility includes the need to understand that the Sudanese government is causing great atrocities in Darfur right now and all world actors need to hold them accountable for what has, and continues to, happen. The genocide must stop now! Bibliography Amnesty International. 2004. â€Å"Sudan: Darfur: Rape as a Weapon of War: Sexual Violence and its Conseguences.† http://www.amnesty.org/en/report/info/AFR54/076/2004. (10 January 2008). Amstutz, Mark R. 2005. International Ethics: Concepts, Theories, and Cases in Global Politics. New York: Rowman Littlefield Publishers, Inc. Christian Century Foundation. 2007. â€Å"Aid pledge to Darfur ‘not enough’, says African church leader.† Vol. 124 Issue 22: 15. Garcia, J. Malcolm. 2006. â€Å"African Promise.† The Virginia Quarterly. August-September 2006:49-77. Howard-Hassmann, Rhoda E. 2005. â€Å"Genocide and State-Induced Famine: Global Ethics and Western Resposibility for Mass Atrocities in Africa.† Persectives on Global Development and Technology, Vol. 4, issue 3-4: 487-516. Kim, Glen, Rabih Torbay and Lynn Lawry. 2007. â€Å"Basic Health, Women’s Health, and Mental Health Among Internally Displaced Persons in Nyala Province, South Darfur, Sudan.† American Journal of Public Health. February 2007. Vol. 97 Issue 2: 353-361. Reeves, Eric. 2006. â€Å"Dissent.† Watching Genocide, Doing Nothing. Fall 2006: 5-9. Snyder, David. 2007. â€Å"See no evil.† US CATHOLIC. January 2008: 30-35. Talbott, William J. 2005. Which Rights Should Be Universal?. New York: Oxford.University Press The New York Times. 2007. Editorial, 1 November. Playing Sudan’s Game: pg. A.26 The Virginia Quarterly. 2007.† Editor’s Desk.† The Quandary of Oil in Africa. Winter 2007: 1-3. Welling, J.J. 2007. â€Å"Non-governmental Organizations, Prevention, and Intervention in Internal Conflict: Through the Lens of Darfur.† Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies. Vol. 14 #1. (Spring 2007): 147-179. 2007. â€Å"Bush Announces New Economic Sanctions on Sudan to Halt Darfur.† Fox News. http://foxnews.com/printer_friendly_story/0,3566,275994,00.html. (10 January 2008). 2003. â€Å"China’s Involvement in Sudan: Arms and Oil.† Human RightsWatch. http://www.hrw.org/reports/2003/sudan1103/26.htm. (10 January 2008). 1948. â€Å"Universal Declaration of Human Rights.† United Nationshttp://www.un.org/Overview/rights.html. (9 January 2008).

personal statement :: College Admissions Essays

As I watched my mother rush to get the pot to boil some water with tears in her eyes, I found myself at the mercy of one of the many asthma attacks that presided over most of my childhood. Most of the houses around our neighborhood in Juarez, Mexico were composed of one large room with a stove, bed, something to sit on and no restroom, so getting to the steaming pot was only a few feet away. Desperately trying to grasp for air as I lay on the couch, I wanted relief not only for myself, but also for my loving mother. Understanding of what was causing the onset of my respiratory problems became a quest. I did not understand why I had a high temperature, why I had to breathe the mist of the vaporized water, or why I had to use an inhaler. However, I did understand that those things made me feel better, and without them I could not breathe properly. As I grew older, biology became my fascination because it helped me understand my illness and not feel quite so helpless in regards to my asthma. Ignorance was a part of my life, but not by choice. I grew up in an area where education was limited. My role models relied on tradition and rumors instead of facts in order to solve problems. When I was seven, one of the neighbor's children picked up a used, dried-out condom from the park in front of my house. He then proceeded to throw it at me while laughing hysterically as it landed on my shirt, and said, "You have AIDS!" I thought I was going to die. I asked my grandfather if a person could acquire AIDS from a condom landing on their shirt. He simply replied, "Yes." A month went by before I realized I was not dying. The stress and fear that haunted me was a result of ignorance. In effect, I was motivated to go down the path of knowledge, not ignorance. While sixteen and in college, there were times when neither my parents nor I could afford my textbooks, and I had to study for my classes solely from lecture notes. Working two jobs was the solution to my financial problems. I was recommended and hired for a position as an attendant to Gregory, a 22-year- old male with cerebral palsy. After my experience with Gregory I realized that I, too, had a disability by thinking of cerebral palsy as depressing and socially segregating. It takes a while to figure out that Greg is

School Uniform Should Not Be Abolished

Joanna Chong 06. 12. 2011 School Uniforms Should Not Be Abolished Good morning to all my friends. Imagine if you need to choose which clothes to wear to school every morning so that you will look pleasing to everyone in the school, how will you feel? Would you feel very troublesome? Our school plans to abolish school uniforms and allows students to wear any clothes to school. This issue becomes a talking-point in our school. I am totally against the idea as I think uniforms are totally necessary to build proper school culture. Today, I am here to convince you that school uniforms should not be abolished.The reasons why school uniforms should remain are because it brings a lot of advantages to students. First, school uniforms promote a sense of belonging and create good school culture. When all the students wear the same uniform, the spirit of learning in school will be uplifted. It shows that the school expects high standards and students respond with better behavior. Wearing school uniforms also can prevent students especially girls from wearing clothes which harsh to the eye such as miniskirt, sexy dress, short pants and so on.On the other hand, boys can focus on their study if girls wear proper uniforms in school. Besides, equality among students can be maintained in school. No matter what family background are the students having, they will wear the same uniform and the difference between rich and poor is smaller. A student who comes from less fortunate family does not need to worry about being bullied or being disdained in school just because he wears older clothes. Apart from that, students can save their time in the morning to do other things like having breakfast by just simply wearing school uniforms.This is because they do not have to waste time thinking of what to wear to school and how to decorate themselves by putting some decorations on their clothes. Moreover, school uniforms help students to focus on study instead of fashions and trendy clothes. Futhermore, wearing a uniform helps to prepare students for working in the future. This can help students to adapt with the condition of wearing uniforms to work in the future. People like nurses, doctors, the firemen and the policemen wear uniform as part of their job.Other working adults also wear suits to work. In conclusion, school uniforms should not be abolished. Reasons are that school uniforms give a sense of belonging to us, maintain equality among students, help students to focus on study and help them to prepare for working in the future. Therefore I urge all of you, my friends, to sign a petition to the school administration board so that they can take into consideration of the benefits of having us, students to wear school uniform. Thank you. (460 words)

Good Practice in Handling Information Essay

Promote good practice in handling information in health and social care setting Outcome 1 Understand requirements for handling information in health and social care settings 1. Identify legislation and codes of practice that relate to handling information in health and social care. OUTCOME 1 1. Identify legislation and codes of practice that relate to handling information in health and social care. All of the staff need to make sure that confidentiality is paramount. Staff have to read and understand the Data Protection Act of 1998. We have to make sure that we are clear about our standards of conduct, that we are expected to meet. We are encouraged to use the codes of conduct to maintain our own practice is good and we need to look at any area’s where we can improve on. When it comes to Medication, staff have to make sure that all stock is listed on the MAR sheet. The Human Rights Act 1998 details the right to a private life. There is also the GSCC code of practice for social care workers, which provides a clear guide for all those who work in social work, setting out the standards of practice and conduct workers and their employers should meet with regards the handling of information. There is also Caldecott standards which govern the sharing of information based on the Data protection Act. 2. Summarise the main points of legal requirements and codes of practice for handling information in health and social care. DATA PROTECTION ACT 1998 This legal document sets out eight principles which are in essence a code of good practice for processing personal data. These are * Make sure that  things are processed fairly and lawfully. * Processed only for one or more specified and lawful purpose. * Adequate, relevant and not excessive for those purposes. * Accurate and kept up to date – data subjects have the right to have inaccurate personal data corrected or destroyed if the personal information is inaccurate to any matter of fact. * Kept for no longer than is necessary for the purposes it is being processed. * Processed in line with the rights of individuals – this includes the right to be informed of all the information held about them, to prevent processing of their personal information for marketing purposes, and to compensation if they can prove they have been damaged by a data controller’s non-compliance with the Act. * Secured against accidental loss, destruction or damage and against unauthorised or unlawful processing – this applies to you even if your business uses a third party to process personal information on your behalf. * Not transferred to countries outside the European Economic Area – the EU plus Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein – that do not have adequate protection for individuals’ personal information, unless a condition from Schedule four of the Act can be met. Question 2 – Emma’s Pointer When a new resident is admitted, then they need to have a new care plan. The care plan will show all the medication that they are currently on. If they have any allergies to anything. All personal clothing and possessions are listed. We list how much money they have, if it is over  £20.00 then we take it to the office for safety reasons. Where it is documenated for the resident. 1.2 Emma We have to always make sure that we respect confidential information and clearly explain to any angency workers about policies relating to confidnentialy to both residents and carers. 2. Emma’s pointer Smart sheet does not go up to Handout 6 !!! When maintaining records, you need to record residents : Medication and any changes to their medication Doctor’s visit’s or any other professional bodies Contact with the family Any falls that have occurred Body mapping Any illnesse’s need to be recorded Daily notes need to updated how residents have been during the day and also during the night. Emma’s pointer Question 3 Should there be an incident at work then staff need to make sure that they fill out the relevant paperwork, i.e. if there was an accident on the premises then they need to fill out the an accident form, if there are any injuries sustatained to a resident then a 24 hour observation chart needs to be started.

3 More Types of Usage Errors

3 More Types of Usage Errors 3 More Types of Usage Errors 3 More Types of Usage Errors By Mark Nichol In each of the sentences below, a word has been misused or is ambiguous, affecting the clarity of the statement. Each example is followed by a discussion explaining the problem and a solution to it. 1. His follow-up comment only further inflamed their passions about his perceived sleight against the higher art. The error in this sentence is homophonic; a word that sounds like but is spelled differently from another word (and, more significantly, has a different meaning) has been used in its place. Sleight is a noun meaning â€Å"craftiness† or â€Å"skill†; it stems from a Norse word meaning â€Å"sly,† seldom seen except in the phrase â€Å"sleight of hand,† which refers to deception or an act of deception, usually in the concept of a magic trick. However, the writer is referring to a discourtesy, so the word intended is slight, which derives from an Old English word meaning â€Å"smooth†: â€Å"His follow-up comment only further inflamed their passions about his perceived slight against the higher art.† 2. This assessment should hone in on how decisions are made, how people collaborate, and how work is conducted. Here, the error is of substitution of a near-homophonic word. To hone is to sharpen or otherwise improve (as in developing a skill); to home in on is to focus on a target. The latter meaning is intended, so the latter word should be used: â€Å"This assessment should home in on how decisions are made, how people collaborate, and how work is conducted.† 3. This approach will help organizations gain operational efficiencies that lower costs and facilitate an increase in loan volume. In this case, an ambiguous word is used at a key juncture- lower can serve as either an adjective or as a verb, and it might be misread as the former when it functions as the latter here. For greater clarity, replace it with an unambiguous synonym: â€Å"This approach will help organizations gain operational efficiencies that decrease costs and facilitate an increase in loan volume.† You can read 3 more types of usage error here. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Usage Review category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How to Structure A Story: The Eight-Point ArcDriver License vs. Driver’s License8 Great Podcasts for Writers and Book Authors

Exploring the use of space Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Exploring the use of space - Essay Example Students eventually end up in places that speak to their inner preferences and the areas that reflect the most amount of qualities subconsciously desired. The fitness obsession that has gripped America for the past several years appears not to have passed up Humber College Institute of Technology and Advanced Learning because at Humber, the gymnasium currently appears to represent a larger slice of students' needs, judging by attendance, rather than the gamesroom, which may have been a more popular choice in the past. In the gamesroom, arcade machines play sentry along the walls, offering students dozens of different choices ranging from pinball to the latest combat tournament. Though there is limited seating, the room is designed for standing and moving about and boasts modern features and a large, bright, well-lit space for students to socialize in. Those who patronize the gamesroom do so to relax and socialize in the casual atmosphere. The pressure is off here, and students of all sorts pay a small fee to use the pool tables and arcade games to unwind from their studies and de-stress from life. The every-day gender of the room tends to lean toward the male side of the scale, probably because video games and billiards are more of engaging activities for males rather than females. Thus, the course representation has more of a limited focus around the subjects that men tend to study, such as science or math. The gym, however, attracts all walks... The bright spaces complement the vibrant atmosphere and the fluorescent lighting further promotes the upbeat mentality that young people exude when exercising, be it on rowing machines or at indoor soccer matches. Though the places were built to accommodate students participating in activities on the opposite ends of the entertainment spectrum, the bright, well-lit, modern facilities sported by both structures cultivate a positive atmosphere, whether students play Duke Nukem or badminton. Both buildings also offer students a laid-back area to mutually socialize and perhaps meet up with a new friend or convene with a club. Though there is limited seating, the wide range of diversions offered at each facility give students choices that appeal to many senses. Since students arrive at Humber from all different backgrounds, the variety of activities offered by the school is an important factor when considering higher education. The gamesroom at Humber appeals to many students who like the problem-solving aspects of the digital world and utilize video and arcade games as a way to wind down from the stresses of everyday life for just fifty cents. The pool tables are another diversion well known in the student world for a place to convene and involve one another in the complicated aspects of potting balls with a stick. At a dollar twenty-five per game, billiards engage many students who while away an afternoon or evening with relaxed banter. The gym at Humber allows students to banter while doing whatever fitness activity they prefer, though the conversation isn't quite as loose as that in the game room due to the generally more hurried quality that exercise assumes. However, the programs

Mobile Phones Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Mobile Phones - Coursework Example (Ahonen and Melkko, 2008, 44-99) Phyically, it' very imilar to the iPhone 3G, much more o than the Diamond, complete with lim, candybar form factor, a large creen dominating the front panel and minimalit control. Compare the phone ide by ide and you'll find that dimenion are remarkably imilar too, though the Omnia i a little limmer, narrower and horter than the iPhone 3G, at 12.5 x 112 x 56.9mm compared to 12.3 x 115.5 x 62mm. o how exactly doe it tack up elewhere Well, a you'd expect from a modern Window martphone, there' a pile of feature and many of thee appear to match or outtrip the iPhone 3G equivalent. It ha a five-megapixel camera on the rear with an LED flah and a VGA video call camera on the front - the iPhone' i three megapixel le and it ha no video call feature. It alo ha HDPA of up to 7.2Mb/ec, a 624MHz proceor, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, a GP receiver and an FM radio. Plu it come with a decent helping of torage - either 8GB or 16GB with microD expanion a well. It creen, however, at 3.2 inche in't quite a luxuriouly paciou a the iPhone' and it 400 x 280 reolution i alo inferior. There' alo no 3.5mm headphone ocket and though a converion dongle i included in the box, we'd ooner not have to carry an adapter around jut to liten to muic and it eem a needle overight given the capaciou torage on offer. (Ahonen and Melkko, 2008, 44-99) The camera, however, i the main highlight here. ... You can ue the Omnia for proper nap - not jut contact profile picture. urpriingly for a Window Mobile device, the Omnia alo boat iPhone-like peed and reponivene and it' a darned ite nippier than the HTC Touch Diamond - even with the Diamond' latet firmware applied. Application launch peedily, browing the web on the phone' uperb Opera Mobile 9.5 web brower i zippy and the accelerometer, which rotate the orientation of the creen from portrait to landcape a you flip the phone around in your hand, work jut a you would expect it to, complete with fancy animation. amung' touch-driven uer interface i a valiant effort at dealing with the inadequacie of Window Mobile' UI, too. Interetingly, amung provide no tylu towage on the Omnia - the tylu attache to the phone' lanyard loop intead. Thi wouldn't be an iue, of coure, but unfortunately the one key area where the Omnia can't compete i with the iPhone' beautifully elegant operating ytem. It tart well. When you firt fire the phone up you're confronted with a blank creen and a crolling toolbar arranged down the left hand ide. Thi contain a number of attractive, graphical widget that you can drag into to the blank pace to diplay tuff like recent email, the time, currently playing muic track, phone profile, calendar, analogue and digital clock and o on. (Ahonen and Melkko, 2008, 44-99) Thee don't jut diplay information, though, they provide baic control too, o not only can you ee who your mot recent email i from, you can alo click it to read it in full, or croll back to ee who the previou mail wa from. Muic track can be paued and kipped and favourite contact can be added or removed a well. (Kelly , 2008, 04-22) It' an intereting approach and allow

Progress of Women in Middle East Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Progress of Women in Middle East - Essay Example In fact Islamic culture never allows women community to develop as rapidly as the men community does. Even in the twenty first century, women in countries such as Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, UAE, Bahrain etc are facing huge challenges and oppression in their social life. In Saudi Arabia, women are not even allowed to drive their vehicles. The cases of women in other countries in Middle East are also not much different. Dominant male community is causing huge problems to the development of women community in Middle East. Many people believe that the living conditions of Middle Eastern women at present are far better than the Middle Eastern women in the past. The legal system, societal norms, development of science and technology, engineering etc are playing a vital role in the development of women any regions. The cases of Middle East are also not an exception. The call for democratization and the recent incidents in Egypt, Libya and Tunisia forced the Islamic dictators in Middle East to th ink seriously about democratization and giving more freedom to women. This paper analyses how legal system, societal norms, development of science and technology, engineering etc gave momentum to the progress of women in Middle East. In Kuwait, a decade and a half ago, the now late emir promised women suffrage. But that measure was defeated twice by the parliament, including by some liberals, and only passed late in 2005. It will likely take several years before any women actually get elected to the government (Women in the Middle East: Progress or Regress?). Many people have the illusion that the rulers (King or the Emir) are preventing women from getting freedom in the Middle East. In reality, even the so called liberal leaders are not much interested in giving enough freedom to the women community which is evident from the above facts. It should be noted that in most of the Middle Eastern countries, no woman yet to become a minister. In fact the legal systems in Middle East preve nt women from securing top spots in the government. However, the scenario has been changed a lot in the recent past. Sincere efforts are currently made by most of the Middle Eastern governments to give enough participation for women in critical positions. The following statistics give us a clear idea about the developments in legal systems to contribute to the progress of Middle Eastern women. In Morocco, a new family law makes it easier for women to get a divorce, keep custody of their children following a divorce, and puts restrictions on polygamy. Two businesswomen in Saudi Arabia won election to the chamber of commerce. Women hold about 20 percent of the seats in Iraq's national assembly --that's a higher percentage than in the U.S. Congress (Women in the Middle East: Progress or Regress?). It should be noted that even in most important democratic countries such as India or America, women community failed to hold more than 10% of parliament seats. In India, the law enforcing at least 35% women participation in parliament is still under discussion. Under such circumstances, 205 women participation in Iraqi parliament is not a mean act. Even family laws are changing in Middle East at present. Earlier, it was easy for the dominant male community to marry as much as women and divorce them whenever they wanted to do so. The divorced women

My Self-Assessment as a Writer Essay Example for Free

My Self-Assessment as a Writer Essay Up to this point I’ve never really considered myself a writer at all. After skimming through the chapters and reading about all the processes, my assessment is, as a writer, I’m probably not very good. So this brings me to, what are you able to bring to the class? Well that’s easy. I’ve really wanted to learn how to write correctly. I’m extremely excited about all the information our textbook has to offer. I’ve wondered in the past how to do certain things and how they’re supposed to be done. This whole class is going to bring the pieces together. So I guess I bring excitement and enthusiasm to learn. My Strengths and Weaknesses in writing are hard to identify. Since I don’t write a lot, there’s not much to relate to. My sentence structure and vocabulary are weak areas. Sometimes when I write an e-mail, and then come back to re-read it; it just doesn’t sound or flow right. I’m uncertain and feel embarrassed by my use of grammar and punctuation, so I tend to make every attempt to avoid writing at all. My spoken thoughts are much easier to transform into what I’m trying to communicate. Strengths are an active imagination. I have thoughts or can take a side on almost anything. I could just pick any topic and write about whatever. Discovering material, planning out my ideas, and drafting it all together would also be strengths. Learning from others in the class will require interaction with the class. The discussion board will offer those opportunities. I hope to learn how others chose a topic or decide how they layout their work. I’d like gain some knowledge from their perspectives and ingenuity.

Planning and Maintenance Problems

Planning and Maintenance Problems Plan and Maintenance Problem 1 To calculate to peak operative temperature in this room in August, some assumes are made before calculation: The operative temperature in adjoining rooms is equal to that for the module under consideration and hence heat glow occur only through the outside window-wall; The window will be open during the day and close at night; The thermal transmittance of the window frame is equal to that of the glass; There are no internal blinds, therefor the solar gain to the air node is zero (Sa =0) According to the equation (5.42), this calculation will be divided into three parts. First, find out the mean operative temperature. Second, find out the swing in operative temperature. And find out the peak temperature in the final. Calculation: Area: External wall = 3.08m2, Internal wall = 40.88m2, Internal floor = 19.8m2 Ceiling (intermediate floor) = 19.8m2, Glazing (include. frame) = 7.0m2 Volume of room = 55.44m3 Summed values: Summed area = 90.56m2 Summed U Value = 22.1/WK-1 Summed U Value = 321.2/WK-1 First part Mean operative temperature: Solar Gain through glazing (Table 5.7): = 0.62 x 177 x 6.3 = 691.36W Internal heat gain: = (792 + 1280 + 1584) / 24 =152.33W Fabric heat gain (Table 2.34(h)): = (3.08 x 0.49 x 26.9) + (7 x 2.94 x 19.8) = 448.08W Total gains to environmental node: = 691.36 + 152.33 + 448.08 = 1291.8W Total gain to air node: = 0 + (55.4 x 19.8) = 1097.7W Room ventilation conductance (Table 5.2): =1/3 x 3 x 55.44 =55.44WK-1 Thermal response factor for the room: = (321.2 + 55.44) / (22.1 + 55.44) = 4.9 Room conductance correction factor; = 3 [55.44 + (6 x 90.56)] / 22.1 + (18 X 90.56) = 1.09 Mean operative temperature at center of room: = [1097.7 + (1.09 x 1291.8)] / [55.44 + (1.09 x 22.1)] = 31.51K Second Part- Swing in operative temperature: Swing in solar gain (Table 2.30 and Table 5.7): = 0.44 x 6.3 x (603 – 177) = 1180.9W Swing in structural gain (Table 2.34(h), and given time lag factor (9.5h)); = [ (0.18 x 3.08 x 0.49) x (11.7 – 26.9) ] + [ (1 x 7 x 2.94) x (24.8 – 19.8) ] = 98.77W Swing in internal gain; = [ (2 x 80) + ( 10 x 19.8) ] – 152.33 = 205.67W Swing in ventilation heat gain: = 55.44 x (24.8 – 19.8) = 277.2W Total swing in heat gain to environmental node: = 1180.9 + 98.77 + 205.67 = 1485.3W Total swing in heat gain to air node: = 0 + 227.30 = 227.30W Mean-to-peak swing in operative temperature Room admittance factor with respect to operative temperature; = 3 [ 55.44 + (6 x 90.56) ] / [ 321.2 + (18 x 90.56) ] = 0.92 The swing in operative temperature at 12:30: (at 12:30) = [ 277.2 + ( 0.92 x 1485.3) ] / [ 55.44 + (0.92 x 321.2) ] = 4.68K Final Part: Peak internal operative temperature: = 31.51 + 4.68 = 36.2 °C As the result, the temperature is too high in the office space, some issues of shading or cooling should be required to reduce the risk of overheat. Problem 2 2a) During project handover, the operational risk management cycle starts with the first implementation procedures by creating the risk inventory through risk identification and risk assessment. Starting with risk identification and assessment, the better the risk assessment and the risk information gathered is structured; the more successful will be the future continuing reassessment process. Good results for risk evaluation are achieved if unit heads and risk or process experts agree on the valuation of the risk. Then, risk mitigation and control system is carried out in view to adequately assessing the impact of an identified risk on the organization’s business, one has to consider existing controls and mitigating measures that already reduce the likelihood or severity of the risk scenario identified. A risk mitigating measure is usually a one-time measure for which an implantation date and a responsible person are defined. Risk scenario, mitigation measure, control, and loss event help to keep track of the implementation steps. These results in improved transparency, efficiency and data integrity compared to the widespread solutions that typically create problems with regard to user access rights, data integrity and confidentiality. Followed by risk mitigation and control system is risk controlling and reporting. The goal of the risk management process is to keep identified risks in line with the risk policy and risk strategy approved by the Board of Directors and the executive team. This process could assure existing controls are actually performed and newly approved risk mitigating measures are implemented as planned. Lastly, followed by the above steps of operational risk management processes, simple risk aggregation and consolidation methods can be introduced. Grouping risks by categories to look for worst-case risk scenarios, consolidating risks across business units and evaluating dependencies, correlation or diversification potential between risks can be introduced already with relatively simple methods and are an important step towards an integrated risk perspective. Based on the structured risk information gathered and the integrated perspective on all relevant risks, mitigation measures and implemented controls, the risk manager is able to produce risk reports according to the need of any type of management level. 2b) There are a number of elements involved in the development and implantation of operational risks. They could be divided into Pre-handover activities and post-handover activities. The following responsibilities should be worked among the project sponsor, building owners, contractors and maintenance providers. Regarding Pre-handover activities: First, developing commissioning program which including the calibrating, testing and running of building systems, services and equipment to ensure the building is ready for use. Sometimes, the manufacturer’s representatives may be present on site to authorize the operation of services and equipment. To make sure the services and equipment have been correctly installed and functioning. Calibrating the control instruments and systems to ensure energy conservation and environment conditions are maintained. Second, transferring of documentation to the client is involved in the development and implementation of operational risks. For example, in terms of building service, the building documentation may include: statutory authority permits and approvals, including progressive building certifier approvals. Providing plant, equipment, services and system information and schedules, including recommendations regarding lifecycle costing, â€Å"as-built† building plans and commissioning data, service maintenance requirements, operation and maintenance manuals covering design and operating parameters, service maintenance schedules, maintenance and cleaning products, tools and spare parts. Third, the project contractors should assist the building owner or maintenance providers to determine the building maintenance requirements. Forth, develop handover training program to familiarize the building owner and maintenance provider personnel with building equipment and systems. It is a good practice as training sessions coordination could utilize the expertise of the design and construction teams such as subcontractors. Effective training will let the building users and owners obtaining knowledge to manage the building and its fixtures, fit-outs, equipment, services and systems. The training contents may include occupational instructions and coincide with the handover of building documentation. Regarding Post- handover activities: First, identify outstanding defects and rectify all outstanding defects prior to final completion. If defects or omissions are identified by the building owner after final completion. Second, monitoring maintenance and update building asset records is involved in the implantation of operational risks. Most building contracts have a defects liability period, typically for twelve months from the practical completion. Therefore, maintenance activity should be monitored and maintenance records should be continually updated to reflect any new defects and rectification works. And these records should be added into a defects report, including the details of maintenance activities undertaken. The certificate of final completion confirms that all contractual requirements have been met, including the rectification or acceptance of all outstanding defects and attendance to all omissions. Forth, project files and accounts are to be closed which allow easy auditing in the future. Substantial records created or received by the design and construction team must be sorted, indexed and recorded to create an auditable project trail. Care must be taken to store all financial records securely. Undertake final completion inspection to ensure satisfactory rectification of all outstanding defects. Last but not least, update and maintain asset register and other relevant asset management systems. Problem 3 3a) Operating temperatures The electrical energy produced by biomass gasification CHP plants can be consumed directly or injected into the network. The production of thermal energy can be specified at below: High-temperature heat (steam or thermal oil, up to 200 ° C) applies for industries which consume heat. Low-temperature heat (hot water at 90-95 ° C) applies for industries which consume heat, urban heating networks by hospitals, schools, government bodies, swimming pools, and industries linked to the wood sector that have co-products and thermal energy requirements. Cost The capital costs of the biomass CHP processes are much higher than fossil fuel fired CHP systems. Small-scale biomass CHP is undergoing trials in the UK. Biomass CHP offers a carbon saving potential for large sites (e.g. over 20 MWe). At these scales, biomass CHP will typically use steam turbines linked to district heating. Environmental regulation / considerations To apply biomass CHP, several matters should be considered. Provide a suitable supply chain for biomass fuel. The site access for large lorries delivering the fuel and storage space for the fuel. The route and mechanism to transport fuel from the store to the boiler and the plant room space around the boiler for cleaning. Integration into the building engineering system Building systems are usually connected to the network via a heat exchanger. Whilst there is some amount of thermal loss from the heat distribution infrastructure, the aggregation of small heat loads from individual buildings into a single large load allows the use of large scale heat technologies. 3b) A district heating scheme comprises a network of insulated pipes used to deliver heat, in the form of hot water or steam, from the point of generation to an end user. District heating networks provide the means to transport heat efficiently. They can currently be built up to around 30km from generating plant and distribution networks can be hundreds of kilometers long. The development of the district heating scheme is benefit to the community include avoided costs of energy, through the use of surplus and wasted heat energy, and reduced investment in individual household or building heating equipment. Problem 4 4a) CBM is a short form Condition Based Maintenance. It is a maintenance strategy that adopted the actual condition of the asset to decide what maintenance needs to be done. It acts as a condition monitoring since it provides an instantaneous indication of a machine’s condition, ensuring critical systems maintained in top condition and spot the upcoming of plant failure. More, it helps improve the conventional maintenance regime by evaluating indicative parameters of plant condition such as temperature, vibration, oil condition, power quality. CBM is a highly effective maintenance strategy which benefits to safety and reliability nature industries such as aircraft industry, semiconductor manufacturing, nuclear, oil and power etc. The advantages examples are stated as following: First, it enhances fault detection in many plant items. Second, it reduces failure rates, labour time and repair budgets. Third, by carrying out the CBM, it gains the greater understanding of plant performance, and thus improves the energy efficiency and worker safety. 4b) As mentioned in 4a), there are a lot of benefits by adopting CBM. Below are the five different CBM methods examples which would help enhance fault detection in plant items and reduce their failure rates. First, acoustic emission monitoring which monitoring defect the naturally occurring high frequency structure borne elastic waves which are produced in materials under some form of stress. Acoustic emissions are the stress waves measuring in dB at high frequency 20kHz to 1 MHz. The instrument is commonly used to listen and measure the acoustic signals emanating from items such as pump’s bearing to define the condition with the plant during it operation. It has a good signal to noise ratio and is not affected by background noise. Second, Vibration analysis which forecast the condition for most machines with moving parts and all rotating machinery has a degree of vibration due to difficulties in balancing the moving parts. For example, bearing degradation and misalignment, to assess plant condition to enhance fault detection and reduce failure rates. It measured in dB at lower frequency range of 100Hz to 10KHz. When faults begin to appear in plant items, the normal vibrations begin to show signs of change. When these vibration measurements are â€Å"trended† over a period of time, the change in the plant conditions can be seen as a graphical representation. It can indicate when lubrication is required, whether the lubrication has been successful and the condition of bearings. Moreover, any misalignment, loose components and other problems that cause the machine to vibrate can be detected, giving maintenance staff the chance to intercept faults and maximise the effectiveness of these tasks and their time. Third, application of Ultrasonic thickness testing uses complex electronic equipment to generate and detect reflections of ultrasonic vibrations from interfaces between materials. Any material that transmits mechanical vibrations can be tested. It is the best method in terms of cost-effectiveness and the ability to detect irregularities in a metallic system. For example, it can read its thickness by simply touching the steel with the measurement head. Contact is usually assured by first removing visible corrosion scale and then applying petroleum jelly or another couplant before pressing the probe against metal. It could detect the occurrence of pitting and cracks both internally and externally resulting from corrosion, microbial and chemical contamination and general wear and tear. Therefore, it avoids the possibilities of leaking and potential failure of critical systems. More importantly, the testing is used to inspect metal to determine quality and safety without destroying or compromising its integrity. Forth, Thermography could be used to evaluate plant condition by obtaining temperature observations of building service pant. The deviation in temperature at which particular pieces of plant operate is often indicative of plant condition. The radiation emitted from the surface of an object is a function of the object temperature with the infrared element of the radiation being measured and converted into an equivalent temperature. The thermal image is constructed from a multitude of point measurements. And the point temperature values are represented on a grey or colour scale. Last, Lubricant and fluid analysis. Microbes can induce corrosion of steel and non-ferrous metals or they can accelerate normal electro-chemical corrosion processes. This mechanism can be occurred directly or indirectly. The analysis will reveal things like oil contamination, incorrect fill levels, as well as a breakdown or degradation of the lubricant’s composition. The procedure is performed by taking a small sample of the lubricant from the machine in question and sending it to laboratory for aassessment of the presence of the organism. 1