Free Essays on An Examination Of The Justice System In America

The death penalty has been a type of â€Å"disciplining† since 1750 B.C., when it was a piece of the code of Hammarabi. The book of scriptures itself, likewise recommends passing as a punishment for any of thirty wrongdoings submitted. The violations extended from any among murder and sex. In the eighteenth century in excess of 200 capital wrongdoings were perceived, and subsequently more than one thousand individuals a year were confronted with the sentence of death. While Capital Punishment has been one of the most dreaded things within recent memory, it is as yet being addressed in the event that it is illegal. The Death Penalty is being implemented in excess of 100 nations on the planet and is typically utilized in politically related cases. In spite of the fact that it has been the situation in numerous nations all through the world it has been said that the Death Penalty is pitiless and unordinary discipline which is an immediate infringement to the Bill of Rights. The death penalty is a sure duplicate of the most punctual long stretches of subjugation, when you had no rights or any unique conclusion, and like at that point, executions have no spot in our cultivated society. The Death Penalty, during its time of presence, has consistently been against the perspectives on the individuals, either due to its mercilessness or as a result of its absence of viability. The Death Penalty has been restricted by the individuals since the start of it's period, which was around 1976, when the United States Supreme Court announced that capital punishment was not against the Constitution. Be that as it may, whenever read legitimately the Eight Amendment of the U.S. Constitution precludes unfeeling and unordinary disciplines and that as well as feel that Capital Punishment guarantees Americans correspondence for all. At the point when Capital Punishment is placed into a case and the individual has been murdered it is highly unlikely to return from that in the event that they are later found to have been blameless. In the event that an individual is condemned to existence without the chance for further appeal and is later seen as blameless, that individual can in any case be discharged, yet on the off chance that the individual... Free Essays on An Examination Of The Justice System In America Free Essays on An Examination Of The Justice System In America The death penalty has been a type of â€Å"disciplining† since 1750 B.C., when it was a piece of the code of Hammarabi. The book of scriptures itself, additionally endorses demise as a punishment for any of thirty wrongdoings submitted. The wrongdoings went from any among murder and sex. In the eighteenth century in excess of 200 capital wrongdoings were perceived, and accordingly more than one thousand individuals a year were confronted with the sentence of death. While Capital Punishment has been one of the most dreaded things within recent memory, it is as yet being addressed on the off chance that it is unlawful. The Death Penalty is being implemented in excess of 100 nations on the planet and is typically utilized in politically related cases. Despite the fact that it has been the situation in numerous nations all through the world it has been said that the Death Penalty is pitiless and surprising discipline which is an immediate infringement to the Bill of Rights. The death penalty is a sure duplicate of the most punctual long stretches of subjection, when you had no rights or any extraordinary feeling, and like at that point, executions have no spot in our acculturated society. The Death Penalty, during its time of presence, has consistently been against the perspectives on the individuals, either on account of its fierceness or due to its absence of viability. The Death Penalty has been contradicted by the individuals since the start of it's time, which was around 1976, when the United States Supreme Court pronounced that capital punishment was not against the Constitution. Yet, whenever read straightforwardly the Eight Amendment of the U.S. Constitution precludes pitiless and abnormal disciplines and that as well as feel that Capital Punishment guarantees Americans uniformity for all. At the point when Capital Punishment is placed into a case and the individual has been murdered it is extremely unlikely to return from that in the event that they are later found to have been guiltless. On the off chance that an individual is condemned to existence without the chance for further appeal and is later seen as guiltless, that individual can at present be discharged, however on the off chance that the individual...

The Role of the Health and Social Care Professionals in the Care of an Essay

The Role of the Health and Social Care Professionals being taken care of by an ACS Patient - Essay Example 265). Social consideration experts are additionally ordered to give patients ACS with adequate data. Before showing up in the emergency clinic, patients with ACS must be given satisfactory data by the consideration suppliers, for example, the capacity of the medical clinic to satisfactorily deal with the condition. Additionally, understanding focused consideration requests that, on appearance, patients are adequately educated on the methodology and examinations which they would experience through. The enlightening job of social insurance proficient is additionally significant when patients are getting test results. For this situation, human services proficient must examine the accessible treatment alternatives for the conditions with the goal that patient is empowered to settle on educated choices (Marshall, 2011, p. 48). The tension which patients with ACS exhibit uncovers that social consideration proficient must be talented and ready to apply these aptitudes in hoisting the feelin gs of dread inside the patients about their conditions. Movahed, et al (2010, p. 60) bring up that the arrangement of the medicinal services experts should in this way incorporate giving their patients exact data with a perspective on expelling any misguided judgments that the patients would have about the ACS. In any case the most significant thought of the recuperate care experts in tolerant focused consideration for ACS is arrangement of proof based information to their patients and update them about the consideration and furthermore the administration of their condition. Moreover, human services experts and social consideration laborers are commanded to survey the comprehension of the patient on their condition, treatment and its administration. This will permit them to give the patients both composed and verbal data as they esteem essential (Otterstad and Brosstad, 2004, p. 10). Relatives should likewise be given satisfactory data about the state of the patient. Be that as it m ay, tolerant focused consideration particularly in giving data to loved ones must not disregard the moral and legitimate privileges of the patient for classification and security. In such manner, it is the job of the social insurance experts to safeguard understanding privacy and secure the patient’s assent before illuminating loved ones about basic parts of the patient’s condition. Kumar and Cannon (2009, p. 918) shows that being taken care of by NSTEMI patients and ACS by and large, medicinal services experts assume a job of conclusion and the board of the heart condition. This implies human services experts must have and utilize proof put together information with respect to the appraisal, separation or chance and the administration of patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome, for example, STEMI and NSTEMI. The administration plan for social consideration experts must be centered around upgrading the experience of the patient and the results of the human services (Scho enenberger, et al, 2011, p. 302). For this to be accomplished, medicinal services proficient and social laborers must have an extensive comprehension of the different devices which are applied in the conclusion of myocardial dead tissue. These apparatuses incorporate physical assessment, history taking, biochemical markers and ECG recording. It is along these lines the job of medicinal services proficient and social consideration suppliers to apply the different treatment choices under the watchful eye of STEMI or NSTEMI quiet after an indisputable conclusion has been reached

Free Essays on Ethics In Engineering

Morals is not, at this point just connected with legal advisors and agents. These days designers and researchers need to stress over morals as much as they need to stress over the fulfillment of their undertakings. Since a considerable lot of the tasks are utilized by the open when finished, engineers need to ensure that codes are followed and that all choices are morally based. The essential drivers of building disappointment are typically viewed as human components, plan blemishes, material disappointments, outrageous conditions or situations, and a mix of the entirety of the abovementioned. The building disappointments that are brought about by human factors and configuration imperfections are either from mishaps or above all dishonest choices. Coming up next is a contextual analysis about a designing morals case. In 1986, the city of Pitcher Wyoming needed to manufacture another arena that would oblige football and other significant occasions. The city framed the Wyoming Woolies Stadium Authority to assemble, own, and work the arena once finished. The power employed Matrix Engineering Associates to plan the site and structure. Framework Engineering Associates recruited sub-advisor SoilTest Geotechnical Engineers to test the dirt, direct borings, and make any plan suggestions. Benson-Marquardt Construction Company (BMCO) worked out an arrangement with the Stadium Authority and was granted the development the board contract. When SoilTest was employed by Matrix Engineering, the organization previously had a bustling work routine in light of various government occupations. Dennis Snead was the on location venture engineer for Matrix and was liable for the everyday designing choices. The shear size of the task and the way that it was Dennis’ most mindful field task made it all the all the more trying for him. Since this was Dennis’ first colossal venture he was to some degree threatened by the more experienced development administrators at work. The terrorizing that Dennis felt was nothing com... Free Essays on Ethics In Engineering Free Essays on Ethics In Engineering Morals is not, at this point just connected with legal counselors and agents. These days designers and researchers need to stress over morals as much as they need to stress over the finishing of their undertakings. Since a considerable lot of the ventures are utilized by the open when finished, engineers need to ensure that codes are followed and that all choices are morally based. The essential drivers of building disappointment are normally viewed as human variables, structure imperfections, material disappointments, outrageous conditions or situations, and a mix of the entirety of the abovementioned. The building disappointments that are brought about by human factors and configuration blemishes are either from mishaps or above all deceptive choices. Coming up next is a contextual investigation about a designing morals case. In 1986, the city of Pitcher Wyoming needed to fabricate another arena that would suit football and other significant occasions. The city framed the Wyoming Woolies Stadium Authority to construct, own, and work the arena once finished. The position recruited Matrix Engineering Associates to plan the site and structure. Grid Engineering Associates employed sub-advisor SoilTest Geotechnical Engineers to test the dirt, regulate borings, and make any structure suggestions. Benson-Marquardt Construction Company (BMCO) worked out an arrangement with the Stadium Authority and was granted the development the executives contract. When SoilTest was employed by Matrix Engineering, the organization previously had a bustling work routine on account of various government occupations. Dennis Snead was the on location venture engineer for Matrix and was liable for the everyday building choices. The shear size of the undertaking and the way that it was Dennis’ most dependable field task made it all the all the more trying for him. Since this was Dennis’ first enormous venture he was to some degree threatened by the more experienced development administrators at work. The terrorizing that Dennis felt was nothing com...

Pok-Ta-Pok essays

Pok-Ta-Pok expositions The Maya called it Pok-ta-pok. The Aztec called it Tlachtli. In Puerto Rico it was called Batey. Despite the fact that may societies had it, and in spite of the fact that they called it various things it was as yet the ball game. It is hard to tell precisely what the Mesoamerican ball game was. Obviously it was a game played with an elastic ball that gauged somewhere in the range of six to ten pounds. The object of the game was to score focuses, a bigger number of focuses than your rival. The players needed to skip the ball to the spot to score focuses, which shifted at the various courts, anyway the catch to this was they couldn't utilize their hands or feet. No other ancient game has gotten as much consideration or has been the subject of so much debate, yet no other game has been so all around spoke to in the archeological record. (Blanchard, 99) The starting point of this game isn't handily decided, and has caused as much contention. Franz Blom, a paleologist has contended that the ball game began with the Maya. The game which assumed so incredible a job in the life of the Middle American people groups was of Maya cause. (Blom, 487) The proof for Blom's case originates from the Maya ball courts going back to the Classic time frame. Other proof, for the most part puppets, point to the Preclassic time frame. While no ball courts are known for this period, it all things considered is sure that the ball game was played, for some, dolls show players with the assurance for the hand and knee required for that sport. (Coe-Mexico:Olmec, 49) Another paleologist, Michael Coe, contends that the ball game goes back to the Olmec time frame. Early ball playing puppets have been found at numerous Olmec destinations. Coe proposes that the protective cap like headpieces of the goliath Olmec cut heads might be ball game head gear, proof that t he Olmec individuals may have been playing the game more than 3,000 years prior. (Blanchard, 100) There are even a couple of individuals who accept that the ball game orig... <!

Free Essays on Whats Eating Gilbert Grape

What’s Eating Gilbert Grape is a questionable film that numerous watchers can identify with, the day to day environment is upsetting and the acting in the film is contacting. The film What’s Eating Gilbert Grape is a film everybody should see for various reasons, first the film contains valuable data watchers shouldn’t miss, next in light of the fact that the characters and their circumstances are a lot of like reality, watchers can frequently relate. What’s Eating Gilbert Grape is a dubious film that contacts numerous issues, watchers can frequently identify with the delicate subjects. A model is having a friend or family member that is simple-minded, while attempting to keep up a solid life. Arnie the slow-witted most youthful sibling of the family was dealt with by his more seasoned sibling Gilbert, in spite of the fact that the duty was regularly hard and overpowering. For instance ordinarily Arnie would move to the highest point of the water tower if not continually viewed. Gilbert had a great deal of duty and was holding back to detonate considering Gilberts mother left all obligation to him while she turned into a â€Å"beached whale† as Gilbert would put it. Gilbert was regularly embarrassed about his mom. A genuine case of Gilbert detonating would be when Gilbert nearly ran his most youthful sister over for giving him the center finger. The film What’s Eating Gilbert Grape is a genuine case of indicating how others can be denied or kept away from the world considering, Gilbert and his family originated from a town where very few individuals came around, and little things in life were acknowledged for instance, the dusks or viewing the out of this world through their town. The Grapes were carrying on a exhausted existence with no change, yet this would before long pivot. The everyday environment in the film What’s Eating Gilbert Grape is upsetting, albeit numerous watchers may relate. The nurturing assignments have all been set on Gilberts shoulders like the shopping, cleaning, working, and most impor... Free Essays on Whats Eating Gilbert Grape Free Essays on Whats Eating Gilbert Grape What’s Eating Gilbert Grape is a dubious film that numerous watchers can identify with, the day to day environment is upsetting and the acting in the film is contacting. The film What’s Eating Gilbert Grape is a film everybody should see for various reasons, first the film contains valuable data watchers shouldn’t miss, next on the grounds that the characters and their circumstances are a lot of like reality, watchers can regularly relate. What’s Eating Gilbert Grape is a questionable film that contacts numerous issues, watchers can frequently identify with the delicate subjects. A model is having a friend or family member that is simple-minded, while attempting to keep up a sound life. Arnie the slow-witted most youthful sibling of the family was dealt with by his more seasoned sibling Gilbert, in spite of the fact that the obligation was frequently hard and overpowering. For instance commonly Arnie would move to the highest point of the water tower if not continually viewed. Gilbert had a great deal of obligation and was holding back to detonate considering Gilberts mother left all duty to him while she turned into a â€Å"beached whale† as Gilbert would put it. Gilbert was regularly embarrassed about his mom. A genuine case of Gilbert detonating would be when Gilbert nearly ran his most youthful sister over for giving him the center finger. The film What’s Eating Gilbert Grape is a genuine case of demonstrating how others can be denied or kept away from the world considering, Gilbert and his family originated from a town where very few individuals came around, and little things in life were acknowledged for instance, the nightfalls or viewing the astonishingly through their town. The Grapes were carrying on a exhausted existence with no change, yet this would before long pivot. The day to day environment in the film What’s Eating Gilbert Grape is upsetting, albeit numerous watchers may relate. The protective undertakings have all been put on Gilberts shoulders like the shopping, cleaning, working, and most impor...

TOEFL Grammar Study Guide

TOEFL Grammar Study Guide Readers of this blog will know that my preferred grammar book is English Grammar in Use (5th Edition). You can buy it on Amazon. I usually recommend it to students who want to increase their writing scores. Since the book is quite long, Ive created a list of specific units that students can focus on (along with a few notes about the reasons for my choices).Before you read the list, though, a few things should be recognized:You really should communicate with a teacher to see what units are best for you. This list is just a starting point.I think that the fourth edition of the book (from 2012) has the same unit names, so the list can be used with it.The list can probably be used with the 3rd and 4th editions of English in Use Intermediate. That is the American version of English Grammar in Use.Present and PastUnit 2 Present Simple (for talking about things in general, the state of the world and writing a thesis statement)Unit 3 Present continuous and present simple (you must underst and the difference)Unit 5 Past simple (for personal examples)Unit 6 Past continousPresent Perfect and PastUnit 7 Present Perfect 1 (for examples, advanced grammar)Unit 8 Present Perfect 2Unit 9 Present Perfect ContinousUnit 10 Present Perfect Continuous and Simple (know the difference!)Unit 12 For and SinceUnit 13 Present Perfect and Past (know the difference!)Unit 14 -Present Perfect and Past 2Unit 15 Past Perfect (useful for examples)Unit 16 Past Perfect Continuous (useful for examples)Unit 18 Used to (frequent errors)ModalsUnit 33 Should (useful for topic sentences and thesis statements)If and WishUnit 40 If I had known (useful for summing up sentences)PassiveUnit 42 Passive 1 (it is useful to know what this is because the e-rater prefers active voice)Reported SpeechUnit 47 Reported Speech 1 (know how to use it as quotes look bad in the essays)-INg and toUnit 53 Verb + -ing (everything in this heading is fundamental)Unit 54 Verb + toUnit 55 Verb (+ object)Unit 5 6 Verb +ing or to 1Unit 57 Verb +ing or to 2Unit 58 Verb +ing or to 3Unit 59 prefer and would rather (useful when writing a thesis statement or topic sentence)Unit 60 Preposition + -ingUnit 62 Preposition + -ing (very common error)Articles and NounsUnit 69 Countable and Uncountable 1 (very common errors)Unit 72 A/An and The (very common errors)Unit 73 The 1Unit 74 The 2Pronouns and DeterminersUnit 88 All/all of, most/most of, no/none ofRelative ClausesUnit 92 -Relative Clauses 1Unit 95 Relative Clauses 4Adjectives and AdverbsUnit 98 Adjective ending in -ing and -edUnit 101 Adjectives and Adverbs 2Unit 107 Comparatives 3Conjunctions and PrepositionsUnit 117 Like and AsUnit 119 During, for, while (common errors)PrepositionsUnit 125 In/at/onUnit 126 to, at, in and intoUnit 127 in/on/atUnit 130 adjective + preposition 1Unit 132 verb + preposition 1Unit 133 verb + preposition 2Unit 134 verb + preposition 3Unit 135 verb + preposition 4Phrasal VerbsStudy everything , but note that studying phrasal verbs in a grammar book has limitations.Additional ExercisesTry numbers 1, 5, 9, 29 and 32.

Poverty, Ethnicity, and Policy in Contemporary America Ta Nehisi Coates and J.D. Vance Comparison and Analysis - Literature Essay Samples

The two authors Ta-Nehesi Coates and J.D. Vance have very similar viewpoints within their own racial perspectives. Coates speaks for the poor black Americans and essentially the overwhelming sentiments of most African Americans. Vance on the other hand speaks for the Trump supporters, particularly the constantly ignored working class whites of America. Although the two speakers are on two radically different spectrums, their viewpoints and goals for helping their communities are quite similar and could possibly be simultaneously addressed in public policy. Ta-Nehesi Coates’ view in his book-length account Between the World and Me is clear: low-income African Americans are suffering from their current conditions because of systemic racism. Coates goes into great depth about the institutions that hold black people back, such as â€Å"the police departments [that] have been endowed with the authority to destroy [their] body,† (9). As a result of the constant violence towards black bodies, Africans Americans, particularly those in harsher environments, are in a constant state of fear. They are then taught by older generations to defend themselves, but the thin line between â€Å"being too violent† and â€Å"not being violent enough† could still cost them the same: their body (28). Low-income blacks are not the only ones who struggle from systemic racism. Even financially well-off African Americans continue to suffer from the micro-aggressions of ignorant white Americans and must continue to work harder than thei r white peers regardless of their economic status (90). Later in the novel Coates describes a frightening experience with his son, the novel for whom the book was written for. Even though he was no longer in the ‘battleground’ known as West Baltimore he was still a witness to a threat to â€Å"invoke [the] right over the body of [his] son,† (94). Overall, Coates is not only a speaker for poor blacks struggling from harsh economic troubles but also the entire black community as they all face the same issues stemming from cultural and systemic racism. J.D. Vance presents similar but varying arguments compared to Coates in his interview article, ‘Trump: Tribune of Poor White People.’ With the rise of â€Å"factories shipping jobs overseas,† many jobs that working class Americans had previously filled were no longer available in the American job market. It was this basis that Trump capitalized on to recruit white working class votes as â€Å"his apocalyptic tone matches their lived experiences on the ground.† Similarly, to some of the issues faced in the black community, most children in the poor white community â€Å"will live in multiple homes over the course of her life, experience a constant cycle of growing close to a ‘stepdad’ only to see him walk out on the family, know multiple drug users personally†¦watch family and friends get arrested, and on and on.† What separates these experiences from the extreme similarities faced by African Americans is the way whites cope with the ir struggles. When white Americans lack so much economic resources, the main and only thing they’ve been able to cling on to is their â€Å"heritage and culture.† As Vance notes that Trump’s supporters great southern American pride, he explains that â€Å"A big chunk of the white working class has deep roots in Appalachia, and the Scots-Irish honor culture is alive and well.† Furthermore, he claims that â€Å"southern, rural whites enlist in the military at a disproportionate rate,† that they are extremely proud of their service, and are continually humiliated by the failures of American foreign policy. While their sentiments appear similar in theory, these groups face very different realities. The white working class’ perspective accurately falls in line with Bonilla-Silva’s frames of color-blind racism while the experiences of poor and general African Americans challenges their accuracy. Poor white Americans utilize cultural racism to explain the misfortunes of America’s disproportionate distribution of wealth. Their xenophobic feelings towards immigrants ‘stealing American jobs’ can easily be derailed by capitalism’s big businesses choosing cheap and abundant labor over the wellbeing of the American economy and its citizens. The experiences of African Americans on the other hand, challenges the notions of naturalization and cultural racism. The cycle of poverty has statistically been proven to be almost impossible to escape, therefore blacks living in poor ‘ghettos’ are essentially stuck. Furthermore, white flight occurred lon g before many of the issues of modern day Baltimore came to surface, so there is a reason why African Americans are segregated from other races, and not just because they ‘like living together,’ (Badger). Coates’ point of being violent in order to protect the black body and survive in a society built against them also disproves the cultural racism frame. Since poor African Americans and poor white Americans have different experiences, it is difficult to pinpoint a policy that can help both disadvantaged groups without ignoring the values and beliefs of one group. Redistributive and material policies that can reallocate resources from the wealthy to the poor and create better living circumstances in low-income areas may seem to be the best solution for both groups. However, the conservative leaning white working class may oppose to these government handout-like policies. In the ‘Peter’s Choice,’ reading, the white minimum wage workers at Walmart sympathized with the company’s struggle against labor unions because â€Å"they realize that businesses [are about] making money,† despite the fact that they are the ones getting mistreated by their big company employer. In other words, getting poor whites to see the benefits of these policies to improve their own state would be a difficult task, and until the y can realize their importance, finding a public policy solution that can make both groups happy about their conditions might just be impossible. Works Cited Badger, Emily. â€Å"‘White flight’ began a lot earlier than we think.† The Washington Post, WP Company, 17 Mar. 2016, www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/03/17/white-flight-began-a-lot-earlier-than-we-think/?utm_term=.c2c6cbadc7a1. Accessed 25 Sept. 2017. Coates, Ta-Nehisi, and Klaus Amann. Between the world and me. Ditzingen, Reclam, Philipp, 2017. Hargreaves, Steve. â€Å"New reports shows 70% of those born poor stay poor.† CNNMoney, Cable News Network, 13 Nov. 2013, economy.money.cnn.com/2013/11/13/making-it-into-the-middle-class. Accessed 24 Sept. 2017. Perlstein, Rick. â€Å"I asked my student why he voted for Trump. The answer was thoughtful, smart, and terrifying.† Mother Jones, 23 June 2017, www.motherjones.com/politics/2017/01/donald-trump-2016-election-oklahoma-working-class/#testa. Accessed 25 Sept. 2017. Rod Dreher †¢ July 22, 2016, 10:58 AM. â€Å"Trump: Tribune Of Poor White People.† The American Conservative, 22 July 2016, www.theamericanconservative.com/dreher/trump-us-politics-poor-whites. Accessed 25 Sept. 2017.

Advance Directives Essay Example for College Students - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3086 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Medicine Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? PROTECT ME FROM WHICH I CANNOT SEE: WHEN ADVANCE DIRECTIVES ARE NOT KNOWN Dying is not as simple as it used to be. Today preparing for oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s death can be as arduous as hiring a lawyers to draft a last will and testament, making sure that every last detail of oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s life is accounted for, to filling out a few simple forms that give an account of oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s wishes for how theyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢d like to die. Thinking and conversing about death doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t come easy for most people; Americans especially have a difficult time with the subject. The notion of one day disappearing is contrary to many of our defining cultural values, with death and dying viewed as profoundly à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“un-Americanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  experiences.1 However if planning for death is avoided or ignored, it can have profoundly negative consequences for both oneself and the family left behind. Planning for death no longer is simply about what should occur upon oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s death either. In recent history many cases have been brought to trial concerning oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s wishes before they actually died. Cases in which the defendants, in many instances, were in persistent vegetative states and did not have their wishes of what they would have chosen to do should such an incident have occurred documented. These are cases in which a simple set of instructions, not requiring drafting from a lawyer but legally binding regardless, could have determined the course of action and protected these persons and their families from years of publicized and undignified suffering. Several landmark cases highlight the absolute need to be prepared for the possibility of death. The cases outline the importance that the preparation be known, specific and documented; and show how these critical elements can help avoid unwanted confusion about end-of-life choices regarding prolonged life-sustaining measures. AD VANCE DIRECTIVES Advance directives are a set of legal documents that allow you to spell out your decisions about end-of-life care ahead of time. They give you a way to document your wishes to family, friends, and health care professionals and to avoid confusion later on.2 The documents can outline one or several aspects of a patientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s end-of-life choices including but not limited to decisions about CPR, intubation, hydration and enteral feeding, administration of antibiotics, dialysis, surgical interventions and durable power of attorney appointments. If choosing to document only one set of instructions a living will is the most important. A living will outlines which treatments you want if you are dying or permanently unconscious.2 In it one can specify key components of life-sustaining measures that one may choose to have enacted or from which one might choose to abstain; this includes the use of dialysis machines, respirators, the initiation of CPR or a ga stric feeding tube, and inclusion in organ donation. Of secondary importance, as aspects of it can be outlined in a living will, is a durable medical power of attorney which is a document that names your health care proxy, or someone you trust to make health care decisions for you should you not be able to do so.2 A health care proxy will act in your best interest because you have voiced certain instructions that you wish carried out on your behalf in regards to life-saving or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"sustaining measures. A Do Not Resuscitate order (DNR) and a Physician Order for Life-Sustaining Treatment (POLST) are both medical directives that are preset and witnessed by a physician and are kept readily accessible should the need to consult them arise. Both of these directives are valid internal to and external of a hospital and are intended to prevent unwanted medical intervention to save a dying patientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s life. The importance of having an advanced directive is cl ear; document guidelines of how and to what end you would like your life saved or prolonged should unexpected tragedy befall you. The intentions are to make sure your wishes are known and enacted upon and ensure total autonomy of your medical decision-making. Directives provide guidance for medical wishes, protection from unwanted medical intervention and establish a hierarchy of involvement that you would like made on your behalf. No matter which directive you use, no one will be able to control your money or other property based on your advance directive3; they are not intended to replace a Last Will and Testament. And although advance directives are binding once signed and witnessed, they are revocable at any time by the holder and can be changed at will. In the clinical setting advance directives are usually initiated with the elderly population or upon a new diagnosis of a terminal disease. Rarely is it discussed among the young and able-bodied. But it is those unanticipated situations in which having an advance directive becomes the most important. KAREN ANN QUINLAN Due to an overdose of drugs and alcohol, Karen Ann Quinlan fell into a coma on April 15, 1975. After suffering severe brain damage from hypoxia she was unable to breathe properly on her own. She was intubated and rushed to the hospital whereupon she was dependent on a respirator to maintain adequate oxygen saturation. Neither the coma nor her breathing ever improved; Karen never regained consciousness and remained in a persistent vegetative state. In a landmark lawsuit on September 12, 1975, Karenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s parents, the Quinlans, asked that the respirator be disconnected and that their daughter be allowed to die with grace and dignity, because there was no hope she would recover.4 Even though her physicians agreed that there was no hope for improvement they were concerned about the legality of withdrawing Karen from the respirator; at that time there had been no medical p recedent for doing so in someone so young, particularly when her condition was not immediately terminal. Confronted with the physicians refusal, the Quinlans petitioned the court to have the respirator removed.4 This case set a precedent as the first time that any higher court had ever been required to address whether or not life-sustaining medical treatment could be stopped in a persistently vegetative patient.5 It was the ruling of the New Jersey Supreme Court that Karenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s life support could legally be discontinued. Testimony of some of Karenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s friends made claim that she had specifically made her wishes of not wanting her life maintained indefinitely on a respirator known to them; it was found however that such testimony was without probative weight.6 The Quinlans won the case by arguing Karenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s right to privacy was being violated by maintaining life support with no hope of recovery; thus the court ordered her withdrawal from the respirator. The unfortunate caveat of the case was neglecting to include the gastric feeding tube as part of the life support measures to withdraw; Karen lived for another 10 years off the respirator and with enteral nutrition; she died in 1985 at the tender age of 31 and weighing a mere 65 pounds. NANCY CRUZAN Nancy Cruzan was 33 years old when she was involved in a severe automobile accident. The year was 1983, Nancy suffered massive head trauma and cerebral hypoxia from landing face down in a puddle of water after the accident. Like Karen Quinlan, many heroic efforts were made to save her life after being rushed to the hospital. But Nancy never regained consciousness. Four years passed as Nancy was maintained, in a vegetative state, on a gastric feeding tube. In 1987, Cruzans parents went to court to ask that the feeding tube be removed and that she be allowed to die a dignified death as they said she would have wanted.7 During the hearings, however, the state of Mis souri argued persuasively against the familys request.5 This first ruling was against the Cruzans; the defense argued against the testimony from one of Nancyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s good friends who recalled a conversation sheà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢d had with Nancy about sustaining on life support and Nancy stating that, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“she hoped her family knew she didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t want to live in a vegetative state,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  calling the evidence à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“unreliable.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 8 The Cruzans appealed to the United States Supreme Court, where it was ruled that a constitutional right to refuse medical care, including feeding tubes did exist.5 It was also found, however, that the state of Missouri would require à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“clear and convincing evidenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  that Nancy Cruzan would have wanted her feeding tube removed as to not persist in a vegetative state. The Cruzans gathered evidence for another 3 years in order to provide the required level of burd en of proof. The evidence consisted of testimony from relatives, friends and previous coworkers; and in 1990 the US Supreme Court ruled that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“clear and convincingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  evidence had been brought forward. The ruling spurred enormous interest in living wills and other advance directives that allow people to spell out, in advance, what treatment they want, and who should make decisions for them if they became incapacitated.7 Nancyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s feeding tube was removed on December 15, 1990 and she died on December 27th at the age of 33 with her family at her bedside. MICHAEL MARTIN On January 17, 1987, Michael Martin sustained multiple traumas and a closed head injury affecting both hemispheres of his brain following a car-train accident. The injuries left him severely mentally impaired, unable to walk or talk, as well as dependent on the use of feeding tubes to sustain his life.5 Although completely paralyzed, Michael was not in a persistent vegetati ve state; he maintained some minimal aphasic responses and appeared to recognize familiar faces. Michaelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s wife, Mary, who was also his legal guardian, helped take care of him in the hospital over the next 5 years. Michael required a colostomy, a gastric feeding tube and was completely dependent on his caregivers. His condition did not improve and in 1992, Mary filed a petition in the courts requesting authorization to remove Michaels feeding tubes.5 Mary testified she and Michael had discussions regarding[their] wishesif either of [them] was ever involved in a serious accident, had a disabling or terminal illness or was dying of old age,9 forwarding that Michael had frequently stated that he would rather die than be dependent on people and machines.10 The probate court initially denied Maryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s request on account that although her testimony and the testimony of friends and old coworkers was both clear and convincing, Michael was not in a vegeta tive state and thus law did not apply. Upon appeal, however this decision was overturned and the request to remove the feeding tube was granted. Michaels mother, Leeta Martin, and his sister, Patricia Major, opposed the request and filed a petition with the Michigan State Supreme Court, asking that Mary be removed as Michaels guardian; alleging that Mary was only interested in settlement funds from a lawsuit against the railroad involved in Michaelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s accident.5 Although this petition did not succeed in removing Mary as Michaelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s legal guardian, the Court reversed the Appeals Courtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s order to remove treatment, holding that life sustaining medical treatment could not be removed from a formerly competent patient who had not made a living will or durable power of attorney.11 Though the Appealà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Court had found the evidence to be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“clear and convincing,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  the Supreme Court found insufficient ev idence; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Michaelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s wishesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ were à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“purely subjective,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  general, vague and casual and could not be considered because they were not expressed in writing.9 Thus, the court ordered that the tube feedings would be continued. As of 2001, Michael Martin was still alive. ANALYSIS All three of these cases present landmark changes in the way the judiciary system explores the controversy surrounding dying with dignity. Each case can be an example as to why advance directives are so important. Much of the hardship and suffering endured by these families could have been prevented had proper medical directives been in place. Although in every case the accident victims were in their 20à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s and 30à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s, the testimonies of their families indicted that the thought of their own death had crossed their mind at some point. The unfortunate consequence of Karen Quinlan surviving her respirator removal for 10 years post-withdrawal was simply a physiologic response, not her à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“will to liveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  as some opponents argued. After more than a year of assisted breathing Karens breathing reflexes had stabilized enough to sustain her lung function even after the respirator was removed.5 Though she had at one point voiced a disinterest of having her life sustained on a breathing machine she had never voiced any such regard for having a feeding tube, which in the end is what kept her alive. This demonstrates the absolute importance that advance directives are clear, explicit, unambiguous and of utmost importance, documented. Karenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s body could have come to rest a lot sooner were it not for the lack of directives. The case of Nancy Cruzan follows in the footsteps of Quinlan in that she too had voiced through circumstantial conversations her disdain for à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“livingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  on a respirator and in a vegetative state. Before he r accident Nancy had had some experience working with patients on respirators and had made passing comments to friends and coworkers about à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“not wanting to end up like that.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  The caveat for Nancy was that though her comments were heard, they were subjective and evidence of neither a clear nor convincing nature. Again, advance directives were neither established nor documented and therefore à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“clear and convincingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  burden of proof could not be ascertained from her à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"wishesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Speaking plainly about what you do or do not want done and documenting all aspects of your advance directives is the best way to protect yourself from an undignified death. Michael Martinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s case was complicated by family disputes and the appearance of alleged secondary motives that clouded the case for his dignified death. Familyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s involvement can be a blessing or a curse when it comes to deci ding how to interpret their loved ones wishes. When instituting advance directives it is important to establish a durable power of attorney that you trust to carry out your intents should you become incapacitated like Michael did. Mary Martin was Michaelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s best ally in his fight, but in the end he couldnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t protect her from the courts or his family. The DPOA is a binding agreement and can help protect those you love from unnecessarily painful negative allegations and distress.5 RESOLUTION Broaching the subject of preparing for death, especially when a patient is neither sick nor dying, can prove to be a difficult task for physician. Patients find it even harder to ask their doctors about the taboo subject, as if talking about it brings it imminently closer. When it comes to advance directives and physicians ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“chicken and the eggà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  dilemma, you canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t have one without the other. It therefore becomes more important for physicians to acclimate to this age of preparation and rely that patients want to hear what they have to say; likewise patients must be open to the notion that advance directives are not going to bring death closer, simply prevent unexpected issues from worsening. Approaching your physician with an open mind to the process can make everyone involved more comfortable. Doug White, director ethics and decision-making at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center states, Theres a real hunger for [AD] information, even though its emotionally difficult to hear. Advance directives are a necessary and often not-talked-about part of life. If we can learn anything from these cases it is that advance directives should be thought about early, prepared completely, documented properly and stored safely. Due to the unpredictability of life and its many potential pitfalls, the only way to navigate it is by being informed and prepared. Advance directives s hould use clear and concise language that outlines the who, the what, the where, the when and the why of how you want your wishes enacted. Multiple copies of your advance directives should be available; a hardcopy at home and an electronic copy as part of your medical record should be maintained and kept up-to-date. The elderly and chronically ill may also wish to carry a POLST on their person in case of emergency trips to the hospital occur or a medical identification bracelet can be made to outline instructions. Above all know that you are in control of your own life and your own death, advance directives help you to do both. CONCLUSION Over the past century, death and sex battled it out to be the number one unmentionable in America; these two topics were most reflective of our shame and embarrassment when it comes to all corporeal matters.1 Natural death is an inevitable part of life, and preparing for that is easy; sudden and non-precipitous death is what takes the plannin g, and ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s what everyone wants to avoid. It is possible, however, to prepare for a good death with an advance directive and effective power of attorney.12 In town of La Crosse, Wisconsin 96% of residents have an advance directive in place, the national average is about 30%. In this town, they are comfortable talking about death. In this town they are prepared for the unthinkable. In this town they are clear, concise and unambiguous about their wishes about how they want to be let go should that time come. In this town, they all sleep a little easier at night. RESOURCES 1.Samuel L, PhD. Death, American Style. Psychology Yesterday 2013; https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/psychology-yesterday/201306/death-american-style. Accessed March 7, 2014. 2.Institute NIoHNC. Advance Directives. Medline Plus: Trusted Health Information for You 2005; https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/advancedirectives.html. Accessed March 8, 2014. 3.Society AC. What is an advanc e directive? Advance Directives 2013; https://www.cancer.org/treatment/findingandpayingfortreatment/understandingfinancialandlegalmatters/advancedirectives/advance-directives-what-is-an-advance-health-care-directive. Accessed March 9, 2014. 4.McFadden RD. Karen Ann Quinlan, 31, Dies; Focus Of 76 Right T Die Case. The New York Times. 19850612, June 12, 1985. 5.Directives L. Lifecare Key Legal Cases. 2009; https://www.lifecaredirectives.com/key_legal_cases.html#Karen. Accessed March 11, 2014. 6.In the Matter of Karen Quinlan, An Alleged Incompetent, 355 (Supreme Court of New Jersey 1976). 7.Lewin T. Nancy Cruzan Dies, Outlived by a Debate Over the Right to Die. The New York Times. 19901227, 1990. 8.Cruzan, By Her Parents and Co-Guardians, Cruzan et ux v.Director, Missouri Department of Health, et al, 497 (1990). 9.In Re Michael Martin, a Legally Incapacitated Person; Mary Martin, Guardian and Conservator of Michael Martin v. Leeta M. Martin and Patricia Major, 450 ( 1995). 10.Lewin T. Fight for Life of a Helpless, Brain-Damaged Man Goes to the SupremeCourt. The New York Times. 19960219, 1996. 11.Martin, Michael. Healthcare Ethics 2014; https://www.ascensionhealth.org/index.php?option=com_contentview=articleid=249Itemid=173. Accessed March 11, 2014. 12.Andrews M. Prepare for a good death with an advance directive and effective surrogates. Los Angeles Times. 02142011, 2011. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Advance Directives Essay Example for College Students" essay for you Create order

The Effects Of Stress On A Regular Basis - 969 Words

Introduction It is mentioned in the article by Choi, K., Vickers, K., Tassone, A. (2014) that nearly a quarter of citizens in North America report large amounts of daily stress. Unfortunately, this indicates that a great deal of Canadians experience stress on a regular basis. I define stress as an unwelcoming feeling that is closely related to worries of problems in an individual’s life. In general, stress can be regarded as an asset because it is a direct force that serves as an incentive towards completing tasks. However, I believe that excess amounts of stress can be a liability towards an individual in terms of physical and mental health. An excess amount of stress is identified as a factor that leads to emotional disorders and†¦show more content†¦I wholeheartedly believe this primarily due to personal experience dealing with an abnormal degree of stress caused by social anxiety disorder. Additionally, there is significant research that indicates a correlation b etween the two variables. I define anxiety sensitivity as the fear of bodily sensations that is correlated with experience of anxiety. Personal symptoms that have been experienced include an increased heart rate, sweaty palms, nausea, upset stomach, and muscle tension. Unfortunately, the fear of experiencing these sensations was enough to cause me to experience them. This immediately leads to panic and worry of whether or not it’ll affect my performance thus, generates further amounts of stress. Moreover, the article by Choi et al., (2014) mentions evidence that indicates individuals with high anxiety sensitivity are more susceptible to maladaptive stress reduction behaviors, substance abuse, and psychological disorders. All of which, are factors that can induce stress. From reading the article, it is clear that exercise is beneficial towards improving anxiety sensitivity. Whether it be high-intensity or low-intensity physical exercise, both groups had decreased anxiety sensi tivity for intervention versus the control groups. Also, exercise has personally been a benefit in the past which is why I acknowledge and advocate that it improves the construct of anxiety sensitivity. The stressor that was used by the researchers in the

The White Race And Its Heroes - 1623 Words

Primary Source Analysis: Cleaver, E. â€Å"The White Race and Its Heroes.† in Souls on Ice, 65-83. New York: Dell Press, 1968. Journalist, civil rights activist and criminal are some of the connotations attached to Eldridge Cleaver; a prominent figure of the radical shift in the civil rights movement during the 1960s and early 1970s. Cleaver spent a majority of his upbringing in youth reform schools and prisons within the state of California, which as evidence will show, affected greatly upon his work Souls on Ice. When Cleaver was serving his time in prison he was influenced greatly by a copy of The Communist Manifesto. The Communist Manifesto alongside the works of Thomas Paine, Karl Marx, Vladimir Lenin, Stanley Baldwin, Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Voltaire; all influenced the political ideology of Cleaver. Cleaver notes that â€Å"I began to consciously incorporating these principles into my daily life†¦ And I began to look at white America through new eyes†. The ideals set forth by these great intellects served to form Cleaver’s views on race and the civil rights movement, his ideals we re inline with the growing left-wing radicalisation of the civil rights movement. One which prefered the peaceful protests of Martin Luther King, to the violent actions set by his brothers in the Black Panther movement. One of the important influences in the writing of Souls, is the changing prison system at the time Souls was written. Souls was written as a set of memoirs in prison during theShow MoreRelatedImportance Of Heroism : The Hero s Journey1188 Words   |  5 Pagesadmired or for courage, outstanding achievements, or noble qualities. Heroes  are people who make a positive difference in the world. All heroes embark on the same journey, known as the â€Å"hero’s journey†. The hero’s journey contains four vital steps. The steps in this intriguing journey are departure, followed by a transformation, then an understanding of their wisdom and finally, returning home and sharing what they did. Heroes such as Moses, Jesus, Mohammed and Ghandi went through t hese compellingRead MoreThe Freedom Riders : Jim Zwerg849 Words   |  4 Pages On May 2011 40 students from different parts of the United States joined the original freedom riders : Jim Zwerg, Who was considered a traitor to his race for participating in the non-violence movements, Ernest â€Å"Rip† Patton, he joined the movement two days after the First Baptist Church of Montgomery was attacked by the mobs on May 21, Helen and Bob Singleton and Joan Mulholland that at the time that she joined the freedom rides in June of 1961 was working at the office of a California Senator;Read MoreIs Education the Great Equalizer?1603 Words   |  7 Pagesopportunities to go to the same schools and receive the same education as White people. In the present-day United States, where schools are not segregated and primary school is mandatory for all children, education is understood to be the â€Å"great equalizer† between races†¦but is it? Is education the catalyst for equa lity, regardless of race or class? In many cases, education alone cannot erase decades of stereotypes and notions made about other races. In excerpts from their articles, authors Peggy McIntosh andRead MoreThe And The African Chief By Sarah Wentworth Morton887 Words   |  4 Pagestortured the ears of the slave. And slaves were left to get sick as well as having to live and work with â€Å"Snakes, scorpions, despots, lizards and centipedes.† It’s interesting that despots are mentioned here. It’s likely in reference to the tyrannical white overseers who would whip and supervise the slaves, Torturing them as they worked. On top of that slaves were left unfed, forced to work under a blazing sun and worst of all; they were sold into this service by their own brothers. I inclined to believeRead MoreComic Books And Their Influence On Society1626 Words   |  7 Pagesbooks gained notoriety through their utilization of larger than life superheroes: beings of noble cause and great power who use their skills for good. Comic books became the medium of modern mythology, their heroes rising up to challenge the afflictions of history (Romaniello, n.d.). Heroes emerged in response to national crises. From Superman and the Great Depression, to Captain America and World War II, and the X-Men as an allusion for homosexuality, superheroes became beacons of hope and moraleRead MoreRacial And Cultural Identity : I Am A White American1370 Words   |  6 Pagesdiffer from my students, as well as some ways in which the institution of education can be changed to be more racially and culturally inclusive. Before I can delve into my students’ racial and cultural backgrounds, I must first look at my own. I am a white American, born and raised in Minnesota. My ancestors moved to America from France and Norway; however, in my family, our traditions are more Norwegian than French. For example, every Christmas we make lefse and krumkake, two traditional NorwegianRead MoreThe Reading Of Beyond Heroes And Holidays Essay1743 Words   |  7 Pages Through the reading of Beyond Heroes and Holidays: A Practical Guide to K-12 Anti-Racist, Multicultural Education and Staff Development and A Good Time for the Truth: Race in Minnesota I have not only learned about the experiences of others, but have also gained a deeper understanding of my own racial and cultural identity and how that relates to other identities around me. In learning this information, I feel that I will not only be able to understand and relate better to my future students, butRead MoreDuring The 1950S Racism And Prejudi ce Was High And As A1114 Words   |  5 Pagesduring the Space Race â€Å"colored† people were not praised by America. They were neglected and overlooked. Overall there were people who helped in the Space Race that were congratulated and praised. They were viewed as the greatest scientist, engineers, and geniuses during the 1950s. But equal representation in praise between Whites and African-American individuals was not made. The United States did not carry on the rich history that African-Americans impacted during the Space Race. Also during thatRead MoreThe Best And Worst Parts Of Society1367 Words   |  6 Pagesand worst parts of society as seen through the eyes of the writers. Heroes emanate what the writers perceive as the ideal human, someone attractive with a strong moral code and a high tolerance for pain. Villains represent what the writers perceive as problematic, people who are overly ambitious, immoral and represent the â€Å"other†, both in appearance a nd beliefs. These characterisations reflect the views of society’s majority, white men, essentially the creators and controllers of pop culture. CaptainRead MoreThe Disuniting of America Reflection on a Multicultural Society1284 Words   |  6 Pagesmajor worries claimed by him is about the adherence of to â€Å"the cult of ethnicity†. He believed that adherence is to undermine the shared commitment and can put the idea of an overarching American nationality in danger. In the first chapter â€Å"A new Race?†, the author affirmed that the beginning of America was viewed as an entry to a brand new life which interweaves separate ethnic strands into a new national design and liberates people from the terrible past. At the beginning, people would regard

Descriptive Essay About Titanic - 1707 Words

Famous Maritime Disasters For as long as people have been using wood to float on water, there have been maritime disasters. The most we can do is mourn for dead, be sensitive to the trauma of the survivors, and learn from these tragic experiences. Let’s look at five well-known or somewhat well-known maritime disasters. RMS Titanic It’s been the subject of more than one film, and not just the 1997 James Cameron blockbuster. It’s even the subject of a musical (The Unsinkable Molly Brown). But just what is it about the Titanic that captures the imagination? Part of it, surely, is the luxury of the ship and a lot of its high-class passengers. Another reason is the arrogance of referring to the ship as ‘unsinkable’. Plus the tragic loss of†¦show more content†¦This American Great Lakes freighter was used to haul taconite iron ore from mines near Duluth in Minnesota to the iron works in Toledo, Detroit, and other Great Lakes port cities. More than just a workhorse, the Edmund Fitzgerald was also known for its speed. The ship set seasonal hauling records six times during its working life, which spanned from 1958 to 1975. The captain, Peter Pulcer, was known as the ‘DJ Captain’, for his habit of playing music while the ship sailed between Lakes Erie and Huron through the St. Clair and Detroit Rivers. Music was played day and night. Furthermore, Captain Pulcer would also entertain spectators between Lakes Huron and Superior at the Soo Locks, with running commentary about the vessel. As a result, the ship was well known to boat watchers. On November 9, 1975, Captain Ernest McSorley commanded the ship on what should have been a somewhat routine run from Superior, Wisconsin (near Duluth) to a steel mill near Detroit. On that day, the Edmund Fitzgerald accompanied another freighter, the SS Arthur M. Anderson. However, the next day, both ships were caught in a sudden storm with waves up to 35 feet and winds that were near hurricane force. The Fitzgerald reported it was having some difficulties, but its last transmission to the Anderson said that they were holding their own. Just after 7:10 PM, the Fitzgerald suddenly sank about 17 miles from Whitefish Bay, on the Canadian side, near Sault Ste.Show MoreRelatedWhat Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Telling a Story Using Moving Images2760 Words   |  12 PagesEach mode of story telling is capable of presenting the same story in different ways. Humans are capable of both understanding and interpreting the different content and style associated with different modes of story telling. For the purpose of this essay I contend that a moving image is one that is viewed upon a screen. This may include images such as photography, video or animation, which can be used to create films (long, short or continuous) or computer games. Methods of telling stories, which doRead More George W. Bush’s Language Comprising the War on Terror Essay5251 Words   |  22 Pagesand metaphors that constitute George W. Bush’s rhetoric on the current â€Å"war on terror.† Through an examination of the language that the president employs when speaking about the war on terror, I will elucidate several different categories of rhetoric he uses to describe different aspects of this conflict. Though largely descriptive, I will briefly compare Bush’s current conflict rhetoric with the conflict rhetoric of past presidents. Through this comparison, we will be able to identify any rhetoricalRead MoreEssay on Mintzberg 5 Ps of Strategy9155 Words   |  37 Pagesrealized strategy, as shown in Figure 1, then we can distinguish deliberate strategies, where patterns developed in the absence of intentions, or despite them (which went unrealized). STRATEGIES ABOUT WHAT? Labelling strategies as plans or patterns still begs one basic question: strategies about what? Many writers respond by discussing the deployment of resources (e.g., Chandler, in one of the best known definitionsI6),but the question remains: which resources and for what purposes? AnRead MoreANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 Pagesall plots, unfortunately, do not lend themselves to such neat and exact formulations. Even when they do, it is not unusual for critics and readers to disagree among themselves about the precise nature of the conflict – whether, for example, the protagonist is more in conflict with society than he is with himself – or about where the major crisis, or turning point of the narrative actually occurs. Nor is there any special reason that the crisis should occur at or near the middle of the plot. It canRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesPHILADELPHIA Temple University Press 1601 North Broad Street Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122 www.temple.edu/tempress Copyright  © 2010 by Temple University All rights reserved Published 2010 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Essays on twentieth century history / edited by Michael Peter Adas for the American Historical Association. p. cm.—(Critical perspectives on the past) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-1-4399-0269-1 (cloth : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-1-4399-0270-7

Mixed Member Proportional Government for Canada Free Essays

Canada’s government system was drafted at the Quebec conference by the so-called â€Å"Fathers of Confederation.† In this system, the Queen of Great Britain has the formal executive power. This in effect made the Canadian government system loosely based on the system being used by the United Kingdom (One Stop Canada, n. We will write a custom essay sample on Mixed Member Proportional Government for Canada or any similar topic only for you Order Now d.). Up to now, the Queen is still the head of the state, but just like any other parliamentary democracy, her powers are extremely limited. It is still the Parliament that drafts and approves the country’s laws, and then the Queen would give the final approval, so to speak, known as the â€Å"Royal Assent.† Whenever the Queen is not in Canada, the Governor General acts as her representative and performs all her ceremonial and administrative duties. The Governor General is always chosen by the Queen by virtue of the Prime Minister’s recommendation. The Governor General normally stays in office for 5 years (One Stop Canada, n.d.). The seat of power lies in the House of Parliament, but specifically, in the House of Commons. It is them who make laws for â€Å"make laws for the peace, order and good government of Canada†, and this includes defence, international policies, criminal law, immigration, border control and customs. They are being elected every 5 years. The present system in the Canada is the single member representation, commonly known also as first past the post or plurality system, wherein the whole country is divided into constituencies (total of 308) and during elections, whoever gets the most number of votes in any particular constituency represents the constituency, and take a single seat in the Parliament (One Stop Canada, n.d.). This system is now being challenged by many because of the presumed â€Å"lack of real representation† of this system. Challenges on the current system and call for a change Statistics from last year’s election show that in British Columbia, the Liberal Party gained 77 of the 79 seats for that province with only 58% of the votes, compared to the former ruling Democratic Party who only gained 2 seats despite getting 22% of the vote. (The Democratic Party held 52 seats during the elections before last year, with only 39.5% of the vote.) The Green Party, although they have won 12.5% of the total votes, got no seats at all. This recent election has proven to many that there is a need for a change in their electoral system. Adriane Carr, the British Columbia Green Party leader, leads the initiative to change the existing first-past-the-post system of Canada. Carr launched this initiative to encourage the government to consider her drafted legislation on the mixed member proportional government (Caron, 1999; Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand, 2002). In this proposed system, the benefits both electoral schemes will be combined. A voter will choose a candidate that he or she likes, and at the same time, vote for a party also. In this way, all constituencies will be represented, and at the same time, a proportionate number of seats will also be given to parties receiving a certain percentage of votes, thus, ensuring the representation on the interest or cause that it represents. It was also argued that this new system will maximize voter turnout as all votes will be taken into consideration, unlike the case of a first-past-the-post system where only the winning votes, so to speak, are represented in the parliament. This means that in this system, it would not only mean that the leading party would have seats in the Parliament, but also the minority party or parties, depending on the percentage of votes that they have won (Caron, 1999). This scheme is also said to increase the representation of women in the Parliament. In many countries in the Europe, proportional representation increased women representation by more than 10% (Caron, 1999). Such condition is something being advocated by parties like the Democratic Party in Canada. If proportional representation will be adopted by the Canadian political system, it is forecasted to increase the voter turnout from all levels of election, and at the same time, also increase the representation of other interests in the Parliament. Theoretically, this scheme will make all votes count. The ultimate question: Will this work in Canada? Many advocates of first-past-the-post system believe that if the system is not broken, then, do not fix it. But it appears that while it is not broken, there is a better way of doing it. Even cynics do not disagree with having a need for electoral reform. The current system of electoral process in Canada is based on a winner-take-all principle, which means that the only representation happening is the winning vote, i.e., the popular partisan viewpoint. This also means that the other vote, the losing view, lose their right to political representation. This system has produced a government with a winning party winning majority of seats, without really wining majority of the votes (Gordon, 2003). Canadians have only enjoyed true majority governments, elected by a majority of voters, four times since World War I (Gordon, 2003). The recent election show how â€Å"unrepresented† the voters are. And with the idea that they really have not attained a true majority government yet, still, they are using the first-past-the-post system despite the theoretically good outcome of a proportional representation system, or at least, the mixed member proportion. In all aspects of the theory, from the idea of being truly representative, to the idea of increasing voters’ turnout, we know that this mixed member proportion will work. Since World War 1, only four times have the Canadian people attained a true representative majority, which means for only four times have the people been truly represented. This new system will in almost all certainty, reduce the control of the reigning party in the parliament. The system has worked or is still showing potential benefits in all countries which have tried this. Canada will not be an exemption. So, more than just asking if this system will work in Canada, the ultimate question is: Will the existing government give this a chance to work? Works cited: Caron, Jean-Franà §ois. â€Å"The end of the first-past-the post electoral system?† Canadian Parliamentary Review, 22.3 (Autumn 1999): 19-22. Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand, 2002. Rod Donald exports MMP to Canada. Press release (28th March 2002). Gordon, Larry. â€Å"It’s time for fair voting in Canada.† Economics at About.com (15 October 2003). One Stop Canada, n.d. Canadian Political System. http://www.onestopimmigration-canada.com/canadian_political_system.html How to cite Mixed Member Proportional Government for Canada, Essay examples

Information Strategies Of Firms Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Information Strategies Of Firms. Answer: Introduction In the modern era, effective management of business strategy is essential for growth and success of the organization in the long run. However, it can be critically argued that management of business strategy is not an easy task for companies as they are required to deal with different types of issues during the same(Johansson 2014). In simpler terms, the business strategy can be defined as the process of developing and implementing action plans to accomplish long and short-term goals. Nowadays, the competition among businesses in almost every sector has become so intense that it is not easy for organizations to sustain in the marketplace(Galliers Leidner 2014). Firms are now required to carry out changes in their business strategy at regular intervals with an objective to remain competitive in the marketplace. Apart from this, effective strategies help companies to lower down their operational costs and gain an advantage over other market players by offering services and products at low prices(El-Telbany Elragal 2014). It can also be expressed that business and information strategies also play a vital role in processes such as product development, integration of stakeholders, process improvements and communications. The use of different business and information strategies results in carrying out the smooth flow of all operations and activities within an enterprise. The present research report outlines different types of business and information strategies present in front of firms. In addition to this, the main advantages of implementing these strategies are also mentioned in the current research. The overall process of developing a result oriented business study has been reflected in this study. Project Objectives The objectives of present study are mentioned below as: The business strategy will aim at enhancing the existing market share and provide competitive advantage to the enterprise. To increase the overall strength of financial resources will be the another objective of this research The business strategy will also emphasize on the enhancing the overall productivity of company and will seek for improving profit margins by offering quality products and services to customers The objective of business strategy will be to encourage innovation within the enterprise Project Scope Business and information strategies can provide different types of benefits to companies in the long and short run. Furthermore, the intense competition within industries has resulted in creating several obstacles in the overall growth and success of businesses. At the same time, it is not easy for organizations to capture higher market share and attain the figure of desired profits. However, it can be critically argued that efficient and appropriate use of business and information system can help companies to gain the competitive advantage over other market players(Johnson et al. 2013). The rationale behind this is that the proper use of business strategy helps in carrying out proper communication with all stakeholders with regards to aim, objective and action plan of an enterprise. Apart from this, the use of business and information strategy also support in carrying out the best possible and optimum utilization of all available resources. The present study will help organizations to identify various types of business strategies which they can implement to become competitive in the marketplace. It will also assist in getting insight into the role of business strategy in enhancing the overall productivity and performance of a business enterprise. Furthermore, the scope of business strategy is not limited to improving the financial performance of a company, and the strategy can also help businesses to deliver satisfactory products and services to large customer base. On the other hand, it can be expressed that the use of business strategy can also contribute to enhancing the entire process of decision-making. Literature Review Business strategy is all about the plans that business prepares in order to accomplish the desired objectives. Further, it is a well-known fact that the market where organizations operate is full of challenges and in turn, large hurdles are faced at the time of conducting operations. Due to this reason effective business strategy is needed for the smooth functioning(El-Telbany Elragal 2014). The development of unique business strategy is the ultimate objective of every business and due to this reason IT systems are employed through which it is ensured that company is working on the right platform. A large number of factors are present that are considered by businesses at the time of framing strategies, and these factors are customer acclimatization, adapting various unique company strategies, in-house marketing, enclosure to limitations, staff member consent, and definitive leadership of the employees with proper experience in marketing(Laudon Laudon 2016) In short, no business can survive in the market if its strategy is not up to the mark. Strategies help in resolving various challenges that are present in the external environment. Both business and information strategy has a direct link with each other as it is a well-known fact that information is required at stages such as strategic, operational and tactical. Therefore, managing information in a proper manner is the ultimate objective of every business so that long-term performance can be enhanced easily. Majority of the managers present in enterprises focuses on the development of effective strategy, and this is done by analyzing the internal along with the external environment of the business where operations are being carried out. The external environment of the business takes into consideration customers, competitors, suppliers, etc. who directly influences the overall operations of the business(sterle 2013). They are the one on which the business performance depends and due to this reason it is necessary to frame strategies considering this factor. In short, the ultimate objective behind developing any strategy is the enhancement of customer base of the enterprise. The key goals associated with any organization is enhancing profitability level, sales volume, customer base, enhancing brand loyalty, etc. and they depend on the strategy that businesses frame(Pearlson, Saunders Galletta 2016). Apart from framing a strategy, organizations are required to take initiatives in its implementation where series of steps needs to be followed so that strategy can be readily accepted within the workplace. The competitive strategy allows business to maximize its overall value in the market, and it is possible to distinguish its products and services from those of competitors in the market. With regards to business, it is must for organizations to analyze the competition level in the market so that unique strategies can be developed for dealing with the issue of high competition in the market(Reynolds Yetton 2015). Business strategy is only successful if it has been generated by analyzing the environment where the company operates, and this sometimes becomes the main reason behind the success of the business in the market. A large number of benefits are associated with having a good business strategy and the major benefit is that it provides clarity, focus, and direction. It provides clear guidance to the business on which operations needs to be carried out. Further, the mission and vision can be accomplished quickly. Apart from this, the better understanding of the present business operation is another advantage of business strategy where companies can quickly know the actual stage where business is now and what actions are required to be taken for performance enhancement in the market. Further planning of the business is possible with the help of strategy, and it sets the direction for near future. This indicates the key benefits associated with the business strategy that provides the competitive edge to the business in every possible manner(Smallwood 2014). On the other hand, it has been identified that key reason behind the failure of any business in the market is its ineffective business strategy where companies are not able to find the clear direction where they have to operate, and it leads to unfavorable results. Information strategy is regarded as the high-level strategic plan with the motive to manage information of the business along with the knowledge resource. Further, it is a well-known fact that managing information in every organization is most crucial as its optimum utilization leads to favorable results for the business and enhances the market performance of the entity. Information strategy provides a base in understanding about the strategies objectives of the business(Veit et al. 2014). Every business enterprise relies on the information that is regarded to be accurate, relevant and timely. Further, information need differs from one company to another. For instance production department of the company needs information about raw material required production system etc. Therefore, this information needs to be managed properly for the overall growth of the company. Further, organization information resources can be managed with the strategy that relies on strategic objectives and provides an idea of the information needs along with the way in which employees should use that information. Series of steps are employed at the time of developing any information strategy where it starts when managers need to understand the strategic objectives of the business, the establishment of activities and information resources is the another stage, current process along with the information resources of the business are examined by conducting information audit. Moreover, information policy development contributes a lot to the development of an organization as it provides a base for managing information in an effective manner and brings favorable results in every possible manner. A large number of businesses operating in the market depend on up to date and trustworthy information(Wu, Straub Liang 2015). Due to this reason, companies have started to adopt IT systems through which they can manage valuable information, and it is utilized properly. With the advanced systems, it becomes easy to maintain information regarding storing and using it for different purposes. There is a need for every organization to build an information strategy that can assist them in gaining the competitive edge over its rivals. This leads to rising in efficiency level of the company in every possible manner and leads to favorable results also. Various studies carried out have supported in knowing that a lot of businesses relies on IT system for managing their information resource and through this, they can sustain in the competitive environment for a longer period(Galliers Leidner 2014). No doubt information is required at every level that involves strategic, tactical and operational level. Further, information needs of every department have to be satisfied effectively so that operations can be carried out smoothly and in turn, it acts as the development tool for the company. On the other hand, for effective implementation of the business strategy effective leadership is needed where leaders have to ensure that the present internal operations of the company are effective enough in adopting the new strategy. No doubt, implementation of strategy directly influences the entire organization and due to this reason stable leadership is must through which it is ensured that company is operating efficiently(Thamir Poulis 2015). Leaders set some benchmarks by which it becomes quite easy to implement the information strategy properly. Therefore, with the help of it can be stated information strategy is the most integral part of the study that manages business performance in every possible manner and aids company in obtaining favorable results. The present literature review undertaken holds some literature where the entire analysis is based on business and information strategies, and it does not focus on the other areas through which companies can enhance overall performance in the market. Further, it does not reflect the possible ways through which information within the workplace can be managed, stored and utilized for enhancing the overall efficiency of the enterprise. Only the relevance of information strategy has been highlighted in the literature review but no valid ways through which storage is possible so that each department can utilize information to enhance overall performance in the market Research Questions Primary question To define a business strategy which can help a business to gain competitive advantage in the industry? Secondary question Explain how a business strategy can enhance the existing market share and provide competitive advantage to the enterprise? How the overall strength of financial resources can be increased through business and information strategy? How a business strategy can contribute in enhancing the performance and productivity of an organization? Research Design And Methodology Research methodology can be defined as the action plan developed by a researcher with an objective to carry out the study in the best possible manner. The section of research methodology consists of various techniques and tools which are adopted by the researcher to gather appropriate information and carry out analysis of the same(Neuman Robson 2014). On the other side of this, research design can be termed as an overall strategy which is employed by a researcher with an objective to carry out the logical integration of various components linked with the study. Exploratory design of research has been used in the present study to identify a business strategy which can help a business to gain a competitive advantage in the industry. The reason behind using exploratory research design is that it has provided the researcher with an opportunity to get insight into the topic selected for investigation. In addition to this, the use of exploratory research design has also supported in developing a valid and accurate conclusion of the entire research. To collect adequate, reliable and valid information, primary and secondary sources of data collection have been used in the present research. Here, secondary data is collected from different articles, journals, and books published on the topic which is the business strategy. On the other hand, primary data has been collected through managers of the multinational retail organization. The researcher has employed purposive sampling technique, and the sample size is twenty managers. Qualitative research The process of conducting qualitative research consists of six major stages, and the researcher is required to be very careful at every stage. The process begins with developing the fundamental questions of the study and this stage followed by the selection of different secondary sources from where information can be collected. In the third stage, the research gathers information from the selected sources(Flick 2015). The fourth step includes analysis and interpretation of the collected data, and in the fifth stage, the conceptual and theoretical framework of research is developed. In the sixth step of the qualitative research process, findings and conclusion of the study are written by the researcher. Here, the researcher is required to ensure that the data collected from secondary sources are reliable and validity or not. Selection of latest and authentic sources to obtain required information is the fundamental approach to reliability and validity in qualitative researches. Regarding sampling, it can be asserted that non-probabilistic technique of sampling is used in qualitative research. Furthermore, purposive, snowball, quota, convenience are different types of sampling method which are used in qualitative research. The sample size in such kind of investigations varies from 20 to 50 respondents. Quantitative research The process of quantitative analysis begins with the development of suitable theory and then hypothesis which is linked with the research. In the third stage of quantitative studies, appropriate design of research is selected, and then different measures of concepts are devised in the fourth stage(Mackey Gass 2015). In the process of carrying out quantitative research, different types of respondents and sites are selected by the researcher in the fifth stage. Moreover, the six-stage deals with the collection of data and the stage are followed by analysis and interpretation of the same. In the last stage of quantitative research, the valid conclusion is drawn by the entire conducted report. Questionnaire and tests can be termed as the most common and widely used instruments in quantitative studies. Here, a probabilistic method of sampling is used, and the researcher prefers small sample size with an objective to avoid errors during the study. The process of data collection is carried out with the help of tools such as questionnaire and interview(Taylor, Bogdan DeVault 2015). In quantitative research interviews are also considered as survey interviews as the format of question and answer is in the form of the survey. Apart from, the questionnaire which can be termed as the set of written questions is also used in quantitative research. The reliability and validity of data can be ensured by selection of most appropriate sample and size. Research Limitations Researcher limitations can be termed as those factors of study which beyond the control of researcher and influence the overall study to a great extent. For the present researcher, time and cost can be considered as the major research. To conduct the entire study on business and information strategy, the limited amount of time and money was available to the researcher. In addition to this, limited literature on business strategy and competitive advantage can be termed as another limitation of this study. Time Schedule Activity Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8 Week 9 Writing Research Proposal Reading various literature Finalizing the aims and objectives Draft literature review Collect secondary data Analyze secondary data Develop research approach Draft research methodology Develop questionnaire Arrange the interview Conduct the interview Accumulate the data Draft Findings Analyze data Complete remaining chapters Submit it to tutor and await for feedback Conclusion From the above study, it can be concluded that business and information strategy plays a vital role in success and growth of companies. Furthermore, appropriate use of business strategy can support the enhancement of the existing market share and provide a competitive advantage to the enterprise. References El-Telbany, O Elragal, A 2014, ' Business-information systems strategies: A focus on misalignment.', Procedia Technology, vol 16, pp. 250-262. Flick, U 2015, Introducing research methodology: A beginner's guide to doing a research project, Sage, United Kingdom. Galliers, RD Leidner, D 2014, Strategic information management: challenges and strategies in managing information systems, Routledge, Abingdon. Johansson, B,SFPA 2014, 'Alignment of business and information strategies and its impact on business performance', Journal of Business Economics and Management, vol 15, no. 5, pp. 886-898. Johnson, G, Whittington, R, Scholes, K, Angwin, D Regnr, P 2013, , in Exploring strategy text cases , Pearson, New York City. Laudon, KC Laudon, J 2016, Management information system, Pearson Education India, Delhi. Mackey, A Gass, S 2015, Second language research: Methodology and design., Routledge, Abingdon. Neuman, WL Robson, K 2014, , in Basics of social research, Pearson , London. sterle, H 2013, Business in the information age: heading for new processes, Springer Science Business Media., Berlin. Pearlson, KE, Saunders, CS Galletta, D 2016, Managing and Using Information Systems, Binder Ready Version: A Strategic Approach, John Wiley Sons, New Jersey. Reynolds, P Yetton, P 2015, 'Aligning business and IT strategies in multi-business organizations', Journal of Information Technology, vol 30, no. 2, pp. 101-118. Smallwood, R 2014, Information governance: Concepts, strategies, and best practices, John Wiley Sons, New Jersey. Taylor, S, Bogdan, R DeVault, M 2015, Introduction to qualitative research methods: A guidebook and resource. , John Wiley Sons., New Jersey. Thamir, A Poulis, E 2015, ' Business intelligence capabilities and implementation strategies', International Journal of Global Business, vol 8, no. 1, p. 34. Veit, D,CE,BA, Buxmann, P, Hess, T, Kundisch, D, Leimeister, JM, Loos, P Spann, M 2014, 'Business models', Business Information Systems Engineering, vol 6, no. 1, pp. 45-53. Wu, SP, Straub, D Liang, T 2015, 'How information technology governance mechanisms and strategic alignment influence organizational performance: Insights from a matched survey of business and it managers.', Mis Quarterly, vol 39, no. 2, pp. 497-518. Zikmund, W, Babin, B, Carr, JC Griffin, M 2013, Business research methods, Cengage Learning, Massachusetts.

The Globalization of Wyeth free essay sample

Over the next 8 years, with the help of the Information Technology department, Wyeth became a globalized pharmaceutical company with centralized information that created new efficiency in an increasingly competitive market. The end result was a positive one but it was not an easy road to get there. Wyeth had great pre-planning for the Information Technology shift, but the original strategic design needed to be revamped when the implementation started. Employee resistance was a result of the fear of the unknown as well as confusion with the processes.Also, budgetary concerns played a role in the rate at which the Information Technology division could grow. With headaches like this, you can believe that the leaders at Wyeth were reaching for an Advil. Background In 1860, John and Frank Wyeth started a drugstore in Philadelphia. In the small research lab they had attached to the pharmacy, they started to manufacture large quantities of commonly needed medications. We will write a custom essay sample on The Globalization of Wyeth or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They found success in â€Å"mass† production of pharmaceuticals. This â€Å"mass production† was defined by 1929 standards and happened in the storage area next to the pharmacy.John’s son, Stuart, incorporated Wyeth as a holding company in 1929. Until the 1990’s, Wyeth was a holding company for a diverse offering of products. Some of their most popular were a toothpaste called Kolynos and a headache medicine called Anacin. Wyeth’s reputation was that of a laissez-faire holding company that was primarily focused on bottom-line profits and not in meddling in the individual companies’ business. In the early 1990’s this style was not allowing Wyeth to be as successful as they knew they could be and they looked for a change.Wyeth had many locations throughout the world and they would be considered a multinational company. Though they had many locations, these locations did not interact with each other or report much information back to Wyeth other than bottom line financials. Management decided they needed to become a global corporation that had set business practices and continuity throughout their companies. They needed centralized information and strong interaction between locations. They believed that information technology was the key to their future growth. Stages of changeWyeth’s first step toward change was to divest as all the non-health care divisions that they owned. This was an important step for Wyeth to reorganize themselves as a more focused pharmaceutical company as opposed to a holding company. While redefining themselves as a pharmaceutical company, they also made significant investments into research and development so that Wyeth would start producing original scientific discoveries. Creating and owning the rights to the products would obviously help the margins of the future product offerings for Wyeth.Adding this important division was also another reason that they needed to upgrade their internal efficiencies. Because of the disjointed nature of the current Wyeth company design, there was a lot of redundancy. The next step to change was consolidating those redundancies. Many of the individual locations had excess manufacturing space and duplicated staff functions. In a few cases they even had managers that would hoard products because they suspected a future shortage. If Wyeth was going to keep the investors happy, they would have to become leaner. Communication beyond the bottom line numbers was not something that often occurred between the local firms and corporate Wyeth. Communication between the different local firms happened even less. This was another step, which would not come easy for the new â€Å"global† company. Corporate Wyeth had very little knowledge about storage space or production levels at the various locations. The local firms never shared ideas for success with each other because there was little incentive or benefit to the individual locations.The laissez-faire, only concerned about the bottom dollar, holding company was going to need to establish formal control mechanisms to become better with global inventory. The next stage was to have Research and Development up and running. Wyeth being able to manage the product from origination is a valuable step to protecting margins, licensing agreements and global growth. This was a problem at the local level however for the individual managers. The local managers were mainly used to local activities.They would order and produce at local levels and there was an uneasy adjustment to get local managers to think on a global level. Last, but certainly not least, is the growth and expansion of information technology. To aid in the communication between locations and to gain understanding of processes on a global level, the Information Technology division was going to need to be a larger part of the company. Part of this growth was going to be the purchase of new technology and part was a reconfiguration of how products were offered and packaging was designed. Wyeth was already a multinational company so they understood there would be problems going global. Issues like getting products approved in different countries often varied greatly from country to country. This became both marketing and an information technology problem. Managers from different countries accounted for products differently and kept books differently according to local needs. This was an accounting problem as well as an Information Technology problem for the new global Wyeth. Trying to standardize and grow was not going to be easy. SWOT StrengthsFinancial strength- One of Wyeth’s biggest strengths was their financial stability. The shareholders were pleased. Even with their inefficiencies, they were bringing in large profits year after year. For example, in 1997 Wyeth had earnings of $2 Billion. This strength allowed them leeway in making decisions to further their new corporate plan. It is obvious that they still needed to remain profitable and grow their profits, but having the financial means as well as the latitude to make these moves is a benefit that not all companies have when they are reinventing themselves.Vision- The leadership team for Wyeth believed that in order to remain competitive, they would need to make serious changes in how the company was run. The vision that these leaders had cannot be understated. Without this vision it is likely that Wyeth would have continued at the same pace, and most likely their margins would have shrunk as competitors became more efficient. Wyeth would have problems with inventory over and under stock and would remain somewhat clueless regarding the movements and the outputs of their company throughout the world.The need for change does not seem to have come from competitive threat, though we are sure it was there. The change primarily seems to have come out of vision of what was to come. This is also important because it was not always easy to show on balance sheets that there was a need for change. Showing shrinking margins and competitors growth probably would have made this transition easier for investors and employees to understand. The leaders understood the theoretical loses they were taking from not sharing information, reducing redundancies and not streamlining the brands. Those losses are not showing up on the balance sheet†¦ yet. That is why the vision of the leadership is so important. Information Technology Management- Though it is a work in progress, the Information Technology management plan is a great strength to Wyeth. When they streamline the communication via the Information Technology department, they are able to gather a wealth of knowledge. We know that a single product could have between 3,500-5,000 SKU’s. Once they normalized the products, the Information Technology department was able to feed very valuable information to the marketing department regarding product movement.Normalizing and centralizing the information also helped with production efficiencies. Some managers would over order to avoid a shortage of product while other managers were forced to deal with shortages because of said managers. Because of the global product sourcing, the individual locations were able to become more efficient and save Wyeth money. The Information Technology upgrade also helps to save time and money on accounting practices. Because the individual locations chose to, or were required to, they often kept books in a way that was different from other locations.When Wyeth would try to reconcile books it would take them weeks to get answers on product variations or confusing differences. Centralizing information limits the confusion by standardizing the information. Weaknesses Culture- The transition period from autonomy to unity was not an easy one. Wyeth struggled with many aspects of this change. Some of the people simply did not see the value in the changes. Business was good and they did not want to bother with change. Others felt they did not have time to change because they needed to remain focused on the bottom dollar.Wyeth investing time and money and had great thought and planning. They met with many of the mangers to explain the plan and describe the vision. With all of this, the culture still took time to shift. Some of the employees understood that the redesign was going to make Wyeth more lean, which was a threat to their job. All of this is a culture issue. It is never easy to change the culture of any organization, let alone an organization that is a vast as Wyeth. Not only was Wyeth dealing with business culture, they are also dealing with world culture.Globalizing an autonomous factory in Brazil will be different than Globalizing a factory in the US. They will also deal with the changes differently. Original design- for basically 60 years the ownership style of Wyeth was hands off. They allowed for entrepreneurship and individual thought for most of the businesses when Wyeth was a holding company. A weakness for the new global Wyeth is that they have been running the show so differently up until this change. Undoubtedly there were many employees who enjoyed the relative independence they were offered through â€Å"old† Wyeth and would not want a new system that changes this.The problem here is a case of original design. If Wyeth had, from the beginning, had a global mindset and required centralized information, all of the individual locations would be running smoothly. Because this is a shift in vision from the leadership, the employees will need time to adjust. Opportunities Financial- The most obvious opportunity for Wyeth was the financial opportunity that this change brought them. Many at Wyeth estimated globalization to be worth â€Å"hundreds of millions† and that was specifically talking about inventory management.The upgrades in Information Technology and streamlining of support staff only adds to those figures. Wyeth was financially successful prior to this transition but they were not lean. The focus on efficiency is a financial windfall for the company. Proximity to market- Wyeth knew that 40% of their business was outside of the United States. With figures like that, it makes sense that Wyeth wanted global efficiency The more they globalize, the closer they are to their customer, and the more efficient they while getting to their customer.With almost half their customer base outside the United States, Wyeth has an opportunity to expand in many countries. Threats Financial shifts- We have expressed that this transition has tremendous opportunities for Wyeth, but these moves were very costly. Financial shifts, even toward becoming a leaner company, can threaten the financial solvency of the company. We believe the leadership was very cautious, likely too cautious, with the transition and specifically the Information Technology transition. This is a justified threat for Wyeth. In the 1990’s like today, technology is ever evolving and reducing in price as a result.Expanding Information Technology is an investment that Wyeth needs, but they risk purchasing equipment that becomes obsolete well before it’s time. There is also a threat of foreign shift. Being global requires that Wyeth be invested in countries other than the ones that the leaders live in. Dealing with foreign countries has countless unknowns. Whether it is technology or foreign diplomacy, it all adds up to a threat of financial shifts for Wyeth. Cultural shifts- Internally, during a time of change, Wyeth has to be concerned about the shifting culture within their global business.Wyeth put a lot of time and effort into making a smooth transition to streamlined globalization. It is not possible for Wyeth to manage the day-to-day rumor mill and when you are dealing with big transitions it is tough to define what will be rumored. This could simply be lowering of employee satisfaction or good employees leaving. These are unfortunate but minimal threats. A larger threat would be if an employee damages Wyeth’s global image through lawsuits, negative media expose or bad products being released to market. These do not seem to have happened, but they are very real threats none the less.Recommendations We feel that Wyeth should have made this transition sooner, and they should have done it faster. There was plenty of opportunity lost as they crawled through parts of this transition. The leadership understood the need for a much more dynamic Information Technology department but they did not back up that idea with enough money for several years. They should have made more of a financial commitment with their verbal commitment. Now that the streamlining process is in place and the RD is developing new products, Wyeth should focus on acquisitions.When Wyeth was a holding company, they were good at acquisitions. They would allow those independent locations to be financially successful-independently. Now that Wyeth is a global force, they can add new independent locations for the purpose of market share, proximity to market and/or bottom line net profits. Global Wyeth has the pieces to streamline, dismantle and utilize resources of newly acquired locations. We believe that Wyeth has made the transition from a multinational company that has many locations that do not share information to a global company that has effective centralized information.As a global company, the majority of their locations are the United States and Europe. We recommend that Wyeth take a close look at the real estate they are not occupying and look to expand in other parts of the world. Specifically, parts of South America, Most of Africa and all of Russia. As an efficient global company, Wyeth should have the ability to take advantage of the new markets with much less risk of redundancy and failure. Lastly, Wyeth needs to continue to keep IT a priority. Wyeth had a lot of catching up to do regarding IT in the last several years.We know that the majority of the budget growth for IT was merely combining the local IT department budgets to one centralized budget. The IT budget will continue to have many intangibles. They will not always be able to show direct cost savings in the budget. We believe the IT department needs an expanded budget to allow for technology growth that will result in additional efficiencies. Most importantly Wyeth leadership needs to continue to shift their mindset towards IT centralization and growth that will lead to global growth for Wyeth’s pharmaceutical company.